The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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Allmark-KentC
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As noted previously, George Romanes was mentored by Charles Darwin and had numerous books and articles published widely on both sides of the Atlantic. It is not known whether Seton and Roberts read his work directly. Nevertheless, it is evident that their perceptions of animal intelligence, and methods employed for its study, are exceedingly similar. Indeed, in their article, “On Aims and Methods of Cognitive Ethology” (1992), Dale Jamieson and Marc Bekoff suggest that Darwin and Romanes’ methods could be better understood as “anecdotal cognitivism,” which they describe as the attribution of “cognitive states to many animals on the basis of observation of particular cases rather than controlled experiments or manipulations” (111). It is also worth noting that Romanes was, and continues to be, the target of criticisms very much like those faced by Seton and Roberts —anthropomorphism, credulity, and perpetuating ‘sham’ science. All three men used a combination of first- and second-hand Allmark-Kent 123 anecdotal evidence to build a larger picture of the range of cognitive and emotional capacities of each species. Moreover, not only were Seton ’s and Roberts’ stories informed and supported by anecdotes and observations, I propose that when they claimed they were accurate and factual, they were implicitly constructing their narratives as anecdotal evidence. In essence, then, Seton and Roberts were producing a form of anecdotal cognitivism — dramatized anecdotes that were judged during the Nature Fakers controversy, not as fanciful stories, but as evidence for the authors’ claims about animal intelligence and reason. By disentangling this complex interplay between science, literature, and perceptions of animal minds, we can be begin to see that this so- called ‘literary debate’ was not about literary devices or artistic differences, but the cognitive abilities applied to the protagonists. Furthermore this re-contextualization exposes the impact that competing discourses in early animal psychology research had for both the wild animal story and the Nature Fakers controversy. In this section, I will begin with an analysis of Seton ’s and Roberts’ use of anecdotes and evidence as part of their efforts to contribute to animal psychology and produce stories with realism and veracity. I also suggest that this emphasis on ‘evidence’ was used to legitimize their attempts to engage with the sciences. Roberts synthesized his research seamlessly into coherent narratives whereas Seton exposed his gathering of evidence and anecdotes. I suggest that these differences have had a considerable impact on responses to their work. Whilst Roberts received less criticism in the Nature Fakers debate, his stories were more easily dismissed as anthropomorphic fiction. Although Seton divided opinions and faced greater controversy, but his authority as a naturalist was usually still respected. I have provided already examples in this Allmark-Kent 124 chapter to indicate that Seton and Roberts represented their animal protagonists as intelligent, autonomous individuals. Hence, I will now consider some of the more complex, and potentially more controversial, cognitive abilities that they attribute to their animals such as learning and communication, before sketching a final overview of their depictions of animal intelligence. I will re- contextualize a few core examples by reading them alongside Romanes’ table of emotional and cognitive development. As should be clear from my summary of his work in the previous, Seton ’s and Roberts’ protagonists are likely to be in accordance with Romanes’ criteria. Therefore, we should not be surprised (nor should we declare them anthropom orphic) if they are capable of ‘reason,’ learning, and an array of complex emotions. Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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