The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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Long ago the Roses used to grow on bushes that had no thorns. […] So
the Brierbrush armed itself with spikes to protect its roses and declared eternal war on all creatures that climbed trees, or had horns, or hoofs, or long tails. This left the Brierpatch at peace with none but Molly Cottontail, who could not climb, was harmless, hoofless, and had scarcely any tail at all. […] Rose took the Rabbit into especial friendship, and when dangers are threatening poor Bunny he flies to the nearest Brierbrush, certain that it is ready with a million keen and poisoned daggers to defend him. (130, emphasis original) Such speculations about local knowledge, communication, and even myths and culture are forerunners to the more complex thought experiments that we find in the speculative zoocentric texts. This speculation is perhaps most evident in “Silverspot” from Wild in which he imagines crow language and education. Throughout the story, for instance, he identifies and ‘translates’ the different crow calls with the accompanying musical notations. “Caw Caw” in the Key of F translates to “‘All’s well, come right along’ as we should say” (65). He identifies the sound and meaning of ten specific calls from the “ca” for general “Danger” to the particular “Caw Caw” sound for a hawk (66-7). Playing with the language of the military, he also imagines the way that crows, as “our most intelligent birds,” (63) must teach their young [O]ld Silverspot is an excellent teacher. Sometimes he seems to make a speech to them. What he says I cannot guess [...] Each morning there is Allmark-Kent 136 a company drill, for the young ones naturally drop into two or three squads according to their age and strength. The rest of the day they forage with their parents. (79) His anthropomorphic metaphors are inspired by the same search for analogy, similarity, and continuity that led Romanes to conclude that a bird’s intelligence is equivalent to an eight month child. Indeed, Seton remarks that observing the group of crows communicate, instruct, and co-operate leads him to the conclusion that they are “a race of birds with a language and social system that is wonderfully human in many of its chief points, and in some is better carried out than our own” (65). Such statements, along with his playful speculations, drew much criticism in the Nature Fakers controversy. As I will discuss below, Burroughs, in particular, took issue wi th Seton’s depictions of crow language and education. Seton’s anthropomorphic language aside, however, these depictions do not deviate substantially from Romanes’ view of avian intelligence. Indeed, without going into unnecessary detail, we can see that Seton ’s and Roberts’ representations do conform to Romanes’ theory of animal cognitive and emotional capacities. Thus, the female ant in Roberts’ “Prisoners of the Pitcher- Plant” demonstrates the curiosity, fear, and surprise that one might expect, based on Romanes’ table of emotional and intellectual development: a little black ant was running about with the nimble curiosity of her kind […] she started to explore her new surroundings […] To her terrified amazement, it was water she fell into. […] The ant had never been in any such surroundings before, and was bewildered by the strangeness of them (85-7) Likewise, Romanes stipulates that fish are capable of play and pleasure (an idea that remains controversial today, but is starting to be supported by resea rch) and hence, Roberts’ trout in “Master of the Golden Pond” is “playful” and experiences “enjoyment” (Watchers 28-9). Since Romanes attributes the Allmark-Kent 137 ‘aesthetic love of ornament’ to birds, it should be entirely possible that the once- captive sparrow in Seto n’s “A Street Troubadour” could have different nest- building preferences than his mate. Since the only ‘nest’ he had known was in his cage and made of basketwork, Randy becomes obsessed with gathering twigs (113-4). His mate, on the other hand, chooses from a variety of materials she encounters, from hay, string, and ribbon, to the fallen feathers of other birds (115-8). Again, although Seton describes it in the playful language of anthropomorphism, it is a reasonable speculation to make. Romanes finds ‘grief’ and ‘benevolence’ in all mammals. Thus, the actions of Seton’s wolf and Roberts’ moose are not beyond the cognitive, emotional, and social complexity of Romanes’ framework: All that day we heard him wailing as he roamed in his quest […] There was an unmistakable note of sorrow in it now. It was no longer the loud, defiant howl, but a long, plaintive wail […] At length he seemed to find the trail, and when he came to the spot where we had killed her, his heart-broken wailing was piteous to hear. It was sadder than I could possibly have believed. […] He seemed to know exactly what had taken place, for her blood had stained the place of her death. (Known 46-7) Dropping awkwardly upon her knees in the snowy bushes, with loud, blowing breaths, she reached down her head to nose and comfort him with her sensitive muzzle. The calf leaned up close as possible to her caresses. Under their tenderness the tremblings of his gaunt, pathetic knees presently ceased. And in this position the two remained almost motionless for an hour, under the white, unfriendly moon. (Kindred 100- 1) Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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