The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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right, the other wrong. The river is there for their use, they are its yield,
growing from it, growing on it, giving themselves back to it in a cycle no mere human farming has yet been able to match. (105-6, emphasis added) Although Evans struggles to verbalize why life in the wild is “right” and the other is “wrong” (106), I would argue that Haig-Brown demonstrates the inherent value of the salmon’s quality of life. When Spring begins her migration, he sets up a historical juxtaposition that continues throughout the narrative: “But the three hundred mile way they had to follow to the sea was not the clear, clean way of their ancestors. There were poisons in it and obstructions across it and false ways leadi ng from it” (40). The qualitative comparison emphasizes the experiences and wellbeing of the migrating salmon: Douglas firs stood tall and straight on the hills above the river […] all the way from the mouth of the Willamette to Cape Disappointment. The cities were not cities then, the Hume canneries were not built, there were no irrigation ditches to trap downstream migrants, no haphazardly constructed damns to shut off thousands of acres of spawning grounds from ascending fish, no factories to foul the water with their wastes. (50) Allmark-Kent 159 He also emphasizes both the size and diversity of the salmon population whose journey “made a mark that no one could miss, even in that wide, full-flowing river […] the splashings of Spring’s ancestors whitened the broad river from shore to shore” (50). Whereas, after his protagonist has struggled through polluted water with little food, her stomach “empty,” and her gills “clogged and hot,” much of her “fine energy” has been spent (49). As Haig-Brown explains, “she had barely won through a journey that had been glad and easy for her ancestors, a joyous prelude to the fullness and strength of the sea” (49, emphasis added). In light of his hesitancy to depict the pain of his salmon, it is curious that Haig- Brown imagines Spring’s pleasurable experiences with such richness. Indeed, he produces the most detailed, zoocentric description of nonhuman pleasure encountered in any of the core texts that I discuss in this thesis. Therefore, I quote him at length: There had been, all through her life, strong physical satisfactions. There had been strong pleasure in feeding to repletion in the Canyon Pool, stronger pleasure of feeding near Astoria and among the massed Euphausids of the oceans, a vibrant ecstasy in driving time after time upon the schools of silver herrings. There had been the pleasure in the drive of her muscles through the water, in the free curved leaping that eased the irritation of the sea-lice that held their sucking grip on the tenderest part of her belly, perhaps even a pleasure of speed and strength in the terror of flight from her enemies. There was pleasure, or at least an ease of security, in the closeness of other salmon about her, and there had been an ease in the response to condition within her and around her that led her down her rivers to the sea. But none of these had been strong as the thing that ruled her now. It turned her from feeding, huddled her on the bottom, then flowed into her, stirred her, at once drove her and drew her in sudden change of current or light. In responding there was pleasure, pleasure of release, delight in the use of her strong body to stem the force of water against her, pleasure in the gradual shifting of pressures and changing of shapes within her body cavity. (89) Haig- Brown’s speculation combines both familiar and unfamiliar sources of pleasure: food, companionship, and exhilarating physical activity, as well as the Allmark-Kent 160 different sensations of moving water and the less definable pleasure that draws her to the spawning grounds. Although the existence of nonhuman pleasure remains a controversial topic, as Balcombe argues (and as these experiences indicate) “pleasure is adaptive” (6). He explains: Pleasure […] is nature’s way of improving survival and reproductive output. Pleasure evolves in sentient organisms as a consequence of behaviours (e.g., feeding, mating) that generate ‘good’ outcomes (e.g., sustenance, offspring) and/or as a motivation to engage in these behaviours based on past rewarding experience. (6) Thus, despite his hesitancy with some aspects of nonhuman representation, Haig-Brown speculates on the intrinsic role of pleasure in animal life. Indeed, rather than relying on instinct to explain the unknown aspects of migration, he imagines a zoocentric alternative. As Gunner declares: “‘Homing instinct’ doesn’t mean a thing anyway. If you do use the phrase you simply mean that something you can’t explain or name brings a salmon back to its home stream” (11). With distinct subtlety, therefore, Haig-Brown suggests that pleasure may be the thing that we cannot “explain or name.” There is, of course, a further implication for Spring’s pleasurable experiences. Balcombe states: “Because animals feel good things, their lives are worth living. Pleasure gives their lives intrinsic value —that is, value to themselves beyond any utilitarian worth they have for us ” (191). As discussed in the previous chapter, this intrinsic value relates to Tom Regan’s concept of nonhuman being as subjects of a life. Hence, although he is reluctant to imagine her experiences of pain, Haig- Brown’s representation of Spring’s rich, pleasurable feelings demonstrates that she is the subject of a life with a unique perspective and individual set of interests. Moreover, her familiar sources of pleasure aid our ability to empathize with the ‘alien’ experience of a fish, whilst those that are unfamiliar reinforce her realistic animality. Finally, if we return to Allmark-Kent 161 Balcombe’s words again, it is useful to remind ourselves that only individuals feel pains and pleasures, not species nor populations (192). By demonstrating that Spring is capable of intensely pleasurable feelings and that it has inherent value, Haig-Brown is able to emphasize the suffering she experiences as a consequence of the “orgy of dam-building” (iv). For her ancestors it was “joyous” but for Spring it is an unpleasant, distressing ordeal that almost kills her (49). By demonstrating this damage to her quality of life, Haig-Brown makes a plea on behalf of all salm on in the Columbia River system who deserve the ‘joy’ of their ancestors. Moreover, if we recall Haig- Brown’s anxieties around anthropomorphism and nature faking, it seems clear that speculating that fish are capable of pleasure is worth the risk to convey this vital conservation message. Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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