The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
Return to the River: A Story of the Chinook Run
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Return to the River: A Story of the Chinook Run In the March 1942 edition of Copeia (the journal of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists) Willis H. Rich’s review of Return to the River (1941) describes it as “the sort of hybrid that ought to be sterile” (59). As we might expect, the ‘hybridity’ he describes is the wild animal story’s characteristic blend of science and literature. Indeed, the legacies of both the genre and the controversy are unmistakeable in Rich’s words: [Haig-Brown] writes too biologically for the layman and too much in the grand manner of the nature-faker for the biologist. His salmon are full of urges and repressions and emotions but they live in a world peopled with Hydropsyche, Callibeatis, euphausids and chironomids. Constitutionally your reviewer objects to that sort of thing. (59) With obvious reluctance, however, Rich admits that Return is not “sterile” at all. His “initial prejudice was completely broken down” by the “success of the author’s attempt to give the ‘feel’ of life within the waters” (59). Although such an “interpretation” can “only be anthropomorphic,” Rich finds it “pleasing” and “entirely legitimate” nonetheless (59). He also praises the “sound” biology and Allmark-Kent 148 the “interestingly presented” information on the Columbia River Chinook salmon “conservation program” and “research work” (59). As indicated by Rich’s language, Return to the River forms a ‘bridge’ between Seton’s and Roberts’ stories and the six twentieth-century wild animal narratives. I argue that the work of Roderick Haig-Brown provides solid evidence that both the wild animal story and Nature Fakers controversy directly influenced realistic animal representations in subsequent Canadian literature. In 1931 Haig-Brown published his first salmon book, Silver: The Life of an Atlantic Salmon . It is dedicated to “Master Dickie P.” and, as the author’s note suggests, originated as a bedtime story (5). The resemblance to some of Seton ’s and Roberts’ wild animal stories is extremely strong. Haig-Brown uses the biographical structure and constructs his protagonist as an ‘animal hero,’ even indulging in playfully grandiose titles: “He was Silver, King of the River, mightiest of the salmon” (87). Indeed, like Seton he also attempts to explain the salmon’s behaviour through anthropocentric metaphors: the “song” of the river and the “wife” of the salmon (22, 75). Thus, it is clear that as a children’s book Silver educates and entertains, but lacks the scientific and ethical engagement of the wild animal story. Interestingly, in an interview with Ernest Schweibert in 1976 (only a few months before Haig- Brown’s death), he explains: “I wasn’t too happy with my story of the Atlantic salmon ” (xi, emphasis original). The legacies of both Seton and the controversy are prominent in their discussion: Well, he chose his words thoughtfully, I wanted to write about animals without faking anything —without any of the anthropomorphic tricks that portray animals made to think and feel like people. Bambi books? I laughed. Bambi is not alone, Haig-Brown agreed. There’s the Fortescue books about red stags, and a lot of Ernest Thompson Seton —there’s been plenty of nature faking (xi, emphasis original). Allmark-Kent 149 It is worth observing that, as I have discussed elsewhere, only Seton’s name appears in connection to the controversy. Apparently Long, London, and Roberts have been forgotten. This dismissal of Seton provides a useful distinction, however. As Haig- Brown’ attitude indicates, although an author may write in the style of the wild animal story, there is no guarantee that they do so in support of Seton and Roberts. Authors of the twentieth-century zoocentric texts may be writing with the same sense of opposition as the ‘failure of knowing’ writers such as Marian Engel. Haig- Brown’s dissatisfaction that he did not sufficiently distance himself from Seton (or the association with nature faking and anthropomorphism) provides valuable insights into his motivations for writing Return. As Schweibert’s interview explains: “worried that armchair observers might challenge his knowledge of salmon and their ecology,” Haig-Brown “stopped working on Return to the River to write another book about fish and fishing on the Pacific Coast, seeking to establish his expertise beyond question” (xii). As indicated by the interview, the publication of The Western Angler (1939) seems to have been a calculated move: Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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