The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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You mean it was written, I interrupted him incredulously, just to make
future book critics accept your story about salmon? That’s about right, he laughed softly. But it’s still the standard work on the fish and fishing techniques and fisheries of the entire Pacific Northwest. Perhaps it is, he smiled. (xii, emphasis original) In this strategy we can perceive some of the self-consciousness of Seton and Roberts —the writer’s need to justify their credentials and avoid the accusation of ‘nature faker.’ Indeed a certain awkwardness is apparent in all three of the mid-century zoocentric writers. Evidently the dominance of behaviourism necessitated some caution from those who wished to represent the inner lives of animals. Indeed, Haig-Brown also employs techniques to avoid making any Allmark-Kent 150 unfounded claims or assertions of ‘fact’ on behalf of his salmon. Rather than declaring the cognitive, emotional, or social abilities of salmon, he explores their possibilities through conversations between human characters. Likewise, he engages with contemporary debates around “Home Stream Theory” (Rich 59) by constructing his narrative as an experiment on that hypothesis. Hence, I argue that although Haig-Brown consciously established his legitimacy to write on behalf of salmon, he defers his own authority within the text. Interestingly, Rich does not dismiss Haig- Brown’s attempts to engage with home stream debates in his review; instead, he seems enthusiastic: But the author disappointed us in the end —very, very sadly. For nigh onto 200 pages we anticipated the successful completion of the one experiment that will satisfy my friend A.G. Huntsman on the validity of Home Stream Theory —and this author took us right up to the very last page only to fail in the end. Never shall I forgive him because I fear that never again will that crucial experiment be so close to consummation. (59, emphasis added) As one might expect, home stream theory is the hypothesis that salmon return to the waters of their birth to spawn. Rich explains his disagreement with Huntsman in an article for the journal Science published in 1937: He states, in effect, that it is necessary to prove ‘for the individual fish’ not only that it has returned to its home stream, but that it has been far from the ‘zone of river influence’ of that stream. […] So far as I can see such rigid observational proof could only be provided by marking young fish in their ‘natal river,’ recapturing them in the sea at a point sufficiently distant to satis fy every one that the fish was beyond the ‘zone of river influence’ tagging or marking them at the point and again releasing and, finally, to recapture them at a second time in their ‘natal river.’ Needless to say, it will be some time before such proof will be accumulated. (478) Rather remarkably, using the observations and interventions of two human characters, Haig-Brown does indeed construct his narrative as a home stream theory experiment. The biographical structure enables the narrative to follow the protagonist, Spring, through her migration. Haig-Brown even uses the methodology Rich proposes, by using one of the humans to ‘tag’ Spring’s Allmark-Kent 151 adipose fin. From the records, it is difficult to ascertain whether Haig-Brown had direct contact with either Rich or Huntsman but it is clear that he was responding to contemporary debates within salmon behaviour research. However, the fact that Haig-Brown does not provide any finite conclusion to his ‘experiment’ (to the displeasure of Rich) demonstrates his hesitancy to assert his own authority within this field. The conversations between Senator Evans, an interested amateur, and Don Gunner, a biologist, explore contemporary scientific debates. Yet they also reveal the continued anxiety of anthropomorphism. When Evans watches a dying female remaining with her eggs after she has finished spawning, he wonders if she is being held by “nearly a maternal urge to protect” (6-7). Yet even the possibility of anthropomorphism is an anxiety and he chastises himself: “He was afraid of his love of the fish, afraid of reading things that were not really there” (7). Indeed, he calls himself an “[i]ncorrigible old sentimentalist,” and when Gunner arrives, he exclaims “I’ve been watching and praying for you, Don. You’re just in time to save me from my romantic self” (7). It is clear that the influence of behaviourism reinforces this stigma of anthropomorphism. Evans is even hesitant to ask about the possibility of “maternal instinct,” and he does so “almost timidly,” afraid of the “cold-blooded […] rationalizations” of science (8). His language implies simple, automatic responses —“urge,” “instinct”—yet even this seems to suggest the romance of the “sentimentalist” (7-8). Indeed, the biologist seems wary of even these words: “Maybe,” he said. “We’d have to be very cautious and call it ‘evidence of post- spawning parental care’ or something of that sort. My best guess would be that it is a persistence of whatever stimulation it is that produces the egg-laying and redd-making activities. (8) Allmark-Kent 152 It is clear to see that this guarded hesitancy is a consequence of both avoiding the criticism of behaviourists and the consequences of the Nature Fakers controversy. In the original wild animal stories and the late twentieth-century texts, such as R.D. Lawrence’s The White Puma (1990), we find much more confident representations of nonhuman cognitive, emotional, and social complexity. Authors, Fred Bodsworth and Haig-Brown, who wrote at the height of behaviourism’s influence, however, seem highly conscious of anthropomorphism. Whereas the other writers disparage the concept of ‘instinct,’ these two use it as protection against accusations of nature faking. We can also detect the impact of the controversy in Haig- Brown’s depictions of ‘expertise’ and ‘authority.’ As an amateur, Evans defers to the biologist and seeks validation. Significantly, though, this scientist spends more time “beside the river” than in the “laboratory—white-coated, with notebooks, microscopes” (7). As indicated by his name, Don Gunner, is the masculine, down-to- earth, ‘every man’ biologist. He is thoughtful but plain-speaking, disassociated from the effeminate lab scientist who speaks in jargon and abstractions. Thus, he is the embodiment of both the “scientist worthy of the name” and the “real outdoor naturalist” evoked in Theodore Roosevelt’s “Nature Fakers” article (192-3, emphasis added). Indeed, these are the very figures to whom, as Roosevelt asserts, the “modern ‘nature faker’ is […] an object of derision” (193). As such, it is through the voice of such an expert that Haig- Brown reminds readers that the sciences are not static or unchang ing: “You know, there’s often a lot in ideas like that. But they aren’t easy to prove. Nothing about fish is easy to prove when you come right down to it. Look how many ‘proven’ things have been disproved in this century” (9). In this careful, strategic manner, Haig- Brown opens up a small space of the ‘unknown’ in which the Allmark-Kent 153 author might speculate. Moreover, as indicated by Rich’s articles, home stream theory is just such an idea “about fish” that is not “easy to prove.” Thus, in order to know the mysteries of the salmon’s life and migration, we must follow Spring where the scientist cannot. Wild animal migrations are inherently difficult to observe; even more so for aquatic species. It is evidently in recognition of this challenge to knowing Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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