The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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unique, autonomous individual. It is difficult to ascertain whether the vitality of
the curlew’s emotions, thoughts, and memories are strong enough to undermine Bodsworth’s repetitive insistence on instinct. As the narrative progresses, an unlikely meeting with a female Eskimo curlew ends the male’s solitude. The two become companions and develop a loving, emotional bond. As Balcombe remarks, love confers a survival advantage since emotional attachment encourages cooperation and protection; yet on the question of “love’s existence in the hearts and minds of animals, science has been mainly mute” (Balcombe 107). He argues that there are two reasons for this: “First it is difficult, if not impossible, to prove feelings of love in another individual, even a human” (107) and “Second, our sense of superiority over other animals has made us loath to accept the idea that they can have such presumably complex feelings as love” (108). Nonetheless, regardless of the stigma, Bodsworth’s curlews do love each other. If we return to the list of emotions above, he does use the word “love” multiple times. Again, this emotional attachment is at odds with his reductive statements regarding instinct; it seems an extreme contradiction to insist that Eskimo curlews possess only a “rudimentary brain” yet are capable of “love” nonetheless (Bodsworth 25, 16). Furthermore, the concept of nonhuman love is still exceedingly controversial. On the whole, biologist s use the terms ‘bond’ or ‘attachment’ rather than ‘love’ to “avoid anthropomorphism” (Balcombe 108). Yet in 1954, amidst his claims Allmark-Kent 170 that curlews are simplistic, instinct-dominated birds, Bodsworth made an assertion regarding nonhuman love that would remain controversial over fifty years later. In accordance with the title, unfortunately, the love of the two Eskimo curlews cannot last. Just as the pair are finally about to mate, the female is shot by a farmer. The irony of this random chance is highly reminiscent of Seton ’s and Roberts’ stories in which, as soon as the individual’s survival seems to have been a success, death befalls them or their family. Scholtmeijer comments that the intensity of the curlew’s love “strengthen[s] the impact of the death of the female curlew. The death is tragic, as I have suggested, not because it means the extinction of the species, but because of its effect upon the lone individual curlew left behind” (131). I would add to Scholtmeijer’s reading here; the sense of the tragic is compounded by the female curlew’s death precisely because it is both the death of an individual and a species simultaneously. Likewise, the effect on the remaining curlew is the double loss of both his beloved companion and his entire species. Significantly, it is a farmer —whose role is constructed and legitimized through anthropocentric discourses —who commits the most horrific act of the novel. As the label ‘game-bird’ is replaced with “at the verge of extinction” in “The Gauntlet,” readers can no longer tolerate the death of a single curlew, despite having ‘witnessed’ the supposedly inconsequential deaths of other birds in the book. Again, here we find evidence that arbitrary human concern is dictated by our ability to contextualize an animal. The joint histories of the male, female, and their near-extinct species intensifies our sense of the nonhuman’s biography. There is a defamiliarizing horror attached to the fem ale’s death, which is absent from the deaths of previous individuals who were members of Allmark-Kent 171 homogeneous flocks: “Behind him, the great wave lunged into the plover flock […] There was no cry. The wave arched upward momentarily and the birds disappeared from si ght” (55). Furthermore, whist these deaths are random accidents, the killing of the female is the conscious and deliberate actions of a human. Again, as in both Seton ’s and Roberts’ stories, these narratives demonstrate the ways in which anthropocentric perceptions of animals as useful Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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