The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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Allmark-KentC
Last of the Curlews John Sandlos remark s in “From Within Fur and Feathers” that the “direct influence” of Seton and Roberts on Bodsworth’s work is “readily apparent in his first novel, Last of the Curlews ” (83). Indeed, like Return, Last of the Curlews (1956) closely resembles the original wild animal story. As such, in common with Haig-Brown, Bodsworth engaged in a range of strategies to avoid the charges of sentimentality or anthropomorphism. Similarly to Haig-Brown, he does not make explicit claims regarding the abilities of his species. Instead, he uses vast amounts of biological information to bolster his representations without asserting himself as an expert. Nonetheless, the statements that he does make about the Eskimo curlew are strikingly reductive. Paradoxically, Bodsworth depicts an intelligent, emotional Eskimo curlew, yet insists on the rudimentary nature of the bird’s instinct-dominated brain. As the novel has Allmark-Kent 162 received little serious critical attention, these contradictions have been overlooked for the most part. I argue that they require notice, however, as evidence of the problematic task of writing zoocentric literature in a post-Nature Fakers context. As the title suggests, Bodsworth’s novel follows the ‘last’ Eskimo curlew. Excerpts from a variety of historical materials, each presented under the heading “The Gauntlet,” separate chapters and provide a record of the Eskimo curlew’s decline from one of the most prolific birds of the Americas to extinction in less than two centuries. These extracts range from the “Philosophical Tra nsactions of The Royal Society of London” (Bodsworth 19) to “The Proceedings of the Nebraska Ornithologists’ Union” (73). Their publication dates span 1772 to 1955. Bodsworth’s combination of historical materials and fictional biography describes the death of the curlew at the levels of species and individual simultaneously. Furthermore, his dual narratives demonstrate that, as Dunayer states, the “way we speak about animals in inseparable from the way we treat them” (9, emphasis added). As the historical excerpts progress chronologically, the reader witnesses the changing status of the curlew correlating with its decreasing population: from prolific ‘new species’ to abundant ‘game bird,’ followed by the gradual decline from ‘endangered’ to ‘extinct.’ The extinction of any species is a tragedy, but it is the individual curlew protagonist with his intelligent, passionate inner-life that lends the real emotional weight to the novel. Without the curlew’s heart-wrenching narrative of loneliness and eventual loss, Last of the Curlews would be a dry collection of facts and statistics. As such, Bodsworth’s message would no doubt fail to engage readers’ sympathies for the curlew or concern for endangered species in general. Allmark-Kent 163 Each year Bodsworth’s protagonist, a five-year-old male Eskimo curlew “flies the long and perilous migration from the wintering grounds of Argentine’s Patagonia, to see a mate of its kind on the sodden tundra plains which slope to the Arctic sea” (7). Each year he returns to the exact same patch by the “familiar S-twist of the ice-hemmed river” (8) to claim his mating ground. This behaviour demonstrates the curlew’s sophisticated ability to memorize and recognize minute details of an apparently featureless territory. He “knew every rock, gravel bar, puddle and bush” despite the fact that in the empty landscape, “there wasn’t a thing that stood out sufficiently to be called a landmark” (12). It is with seeming admiration, and perhaps respect, that Bodsworth describes how, without an y overt markers, “the curlew knew within a few feet where his territory ended” (12). The novel opens as the curlew completes his migration back to the Arctic and experiences the “ecstasy of home-coming” (9). Bodsworth states that the curlew “was drawn by an instinctive urge he felt but didn’t understand to the dry ridge of cobblestone with the thick mat of reindeer moss at its base where the nest would be” (18). Whilst the drive to mate may be instinctual and the choice of nesting ground could be based on instinctual needs —shelter, proximity to food, safety —the selection itself is tactical. Likewise, the curlew’s ability to recognize and return to the same territory each year is based on an accurate memory and detailed knowledge of geography. It seems that, not only does the Eskimo curlew hold in his mind an incredibly precise image of the specific boundaries of his carefully-chosen territory, he may also possess a strong emotional attachment to it. As the curlew approaches his territory, he is so overcome with emotion that he hardly remembers “he had been mysteriously alone” (9) during each mating season. The “lonely weeks passed and, inexplicably, no female had Allmark-Kent 164 come” (9). At this point, in the opening pages of the novel, Bodsworth begins to insist upon the controlling force of instinct , claiming that the “curlew’s instinct- dominated brain didn’t know or didn’t ask why” he had been alone so long (9). Yet in the following pages, when the female fails to arrive for another year, the curlew does start to ask why: somewhere in his tiny, rudimentary brain the simple beginnings of a reasoning process were starting. Why was he always alone? When the rabid fire of the mating time burned fiercely in every cell, where were the females of his species which the curlew’s instinct promised springtime after springtime? And now, with the time for the flocking to come, why in the myriads of shorebirds and other curlews, were there none of the smaller and lighter-brown curlews he could recognize as his own kind? (25) Despite Bo dsworth’s description of the curlew’s brain as “tiny” and “rudimentary,” the ability to assess a situation and compare it to an imagined expectation requires some fairly sophisticated mental processes. The speculative, questioning nature of the curlew’s confused loneliness is arresting. Such moments of cognitive and emotional complexity demonstrate the curlew’s vitality; he is not an instinct-dominated automaton but an imaginative and Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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