The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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The Little Black Pony and Other Stories. Neither showed much commitment to
the genre, however; Traill’s anthropomorphic, didactic stories were printed alongside nonfiction, and Moodie’s animal biography was published in a volume otherwise dedicated to stories about human characters. Moreover, I have Allmark-Kent 81 observed that when these individual animals are present, they are almost always put to some use: either as domesticated companion animals for humans or as anthropomorphic literary devices to teach morals to children. Indeed, I find great significance in Lucas’ observation that the “animal biography began as a story of domesticated animals” (396), because it touches on the fact that the life story of the wild animal (autonomous, separate, and independent from humans) seems to have been of little interest at this point. This deficit can be understood through both the general lack of public concern for wildlife in Canada at this time and broader anthropocentric trends across contemporaneous British and American literatures. In most writing of this period, the literary animal is not the subject of its own story, but an object of utility in a human one: as decoration in a natural landscape; as the aggressor in a narrative of human survival; as a stand-in for humans in a moral tale; as the trophy of a hunt; as saviour, companion, transport, entertainment, or assistant for human characters; and as an absence when human characters consume the bodies of animals. If we return to my models of animal representation in Canadian literature, we can see that neither the ‘failure of knowing’ nor the ‘acceptance of not-knowing’ is appropriate for this mid-nineteenth century context. Broadly speaking, I have observed a disinterest in knowing the animal instead. In the examples given here, it is clear that the animal presence has been relegated to either high anthropomorphism or mechanomorphic objectification. In the case of the former, the species’ image is appropriated to clothe essentially human characters without much thought to their living counterparts, and the latter is so reductive that it assumes that there is nothing to ‘know’ about the animal anyway. Allmark-Kent 82 It is from this legacy of disinterest, exploitation, and anthropocentrism, that Seton ’s and Roberts’ stories began to emerge a few decades later. Public interest in and concern for animals was growing, the atmosphere of human self- interest dissipated a little (although not entirely, of course) and, hence, more writers were turning to nonhuman beings for their protagonists. In his famous preface to Kindred of the Wild (1902), Roberts acknowledges the important contributions made during this period by Anna Sewell’s Black Beauty (1877), Margaret Marshall Saunder’s Beautiful Joe (1893), and “the ‘Mowgli’ stories of Mr. Kipling” (27).These authors saw animals as individuals and therefore made attempts to ‘know’ them, while also encouraging their readers to do the same. Hence, as Roberts observes, their “animal characters think and feel as human beings would think and feel under like condition s” (27). In other words, despite their efforts to increase the nonhuman presence in their respective genres ( domesticated animal biographies and children’s animal stories), these authors were still not representing their animals as animals: The real psychology of the animals, so far as we are able to grope our way toward it by deduction and induction combined, is a very different thing from the psychology of certain stories of animals which paved the way for the present vogue. [...] It is no detraction from the merit of these books, which have done great service in awakening a sympathetic understanding of the animals and sharpening our sense of kinship with all that breathe, to say that their psychology is human (24-7) Although Sewell and Saunders’ books were engaging with animal advocacy, they were not doing the same for animal psychology. Indeed, Lucas observes that narratives about wild and domesticated animals tend to differ on this point: “the story about the wild animal has a greater scientific bent” and “tries to avoid humanizing tendencies” (397). In some cases, it seems as though the perceived alterity and autonomy of the wild animal discourages easy anthropomorphism, (my own survey of twentieth-century texts in another chapter would seem to Allmark-Kent 83 support this , for instance) and yet this was not the case for Long’s animal stories. Indeed, as Seton observed of his own early stories, engagement with animal psychology and use of the ‘scientific’ approach is fundamental to the genre’s sincere commitment to imagining the lives of wild animals; hence Roberts’ declaration that, “at its highest point of development,” the animal story is a “psychological romance constructed on a framework of natural science” (24). Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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