The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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Popularizers of Science (2007), this was not simply elitism for its own sake. Not
only did those “who could claim to speak on behalf of science” gain “immense cultural authority and intellectual prestige,” they were responsible for shaping and defining ‘science’ itself (5). As the “modern, professionalized body of scientists was still in the making,” a number of crucial questions were still unanswered: “What, exactly, was proper scientific method? For that matter, what was science? Which groups could participate in the debates on these questions?” (5). Lightman concludes that the “stakes were therefore quite high in the fight to be recognized as a n intellectual who spoke on behalf of science” (5). It was perhaps somewhat inevitable, then, that Seton ’s and Roberts’ attempts to engage with the sciences were not taken seriously. In fact, as we Allmark-Kent 92 shall see in the next chapter, Burroughs’ original condemnation of the wild animal story was on the basis that it was ‘sham’ natural history. And so, as I will suggest, we might now read this cr iticism as Burroughs’ attempt to reinforce the parameters of the field, as well as his own authority within it. T he impact of Charles Darwin’s work is, inevitably, the one aspect of the wild animal story’s scientific context that has received critical attention. He published On the Origin of Species in 1859, one year before Seton and Roberts were born, meaning that both authors would have grown up in a world immersed in the excitement, uncertainty, and controversy of the theory of evolution. Indeed, Marian Scholtmeijer uses the publication date of Origin as the “beginning of the modern period in thought about animals” (7). In The Literary Imagination from Erasmus Darwin to H.G. Wells (2012), Michael R. Page describes its publication as “perhaps the watershed moment in the narrative of modern science,” which was followed “twelve years later by the even more controversial The Descent of Man ” (1). It sent “shockwaves throughout nineteenth-century Western culture, dismantling the outmoded religious view of human origins and presenting a new picture of how life on earth formed and developed over time” (1). For our understanding of the relationship between science, literature, and perceptions of animals, it seems that we cannot overstate the impact of Darwin’s work (which also included the publication of The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals in 1872). There can be no doubt that the Darwinian revolution shaped Seton ’s and Roberts’ work, since they were born at the b eginning of the “modern period” that Scholtmeijer describes. Such an analysis is not my purpose here. Instead, I would argue that another scientific revolution —albeit a somewhat quieter one—had a much more intimate relationship with the wild animal story: the birth of animal psychology. Allmark-Kent 93 Its origins lie in the 1860s and the questions arising from Darwin’s work, but it did not begin to coalesce into a scientific field until the 1880s. Nonetheless, its Darwinian legacy can be seen in the fact that it was first known, not as animal psychology, but comparative psychology. In the later decades of the nineteenth century, the great leap between animal instinct and human reason demanded explanation in order for human evolution and animal-human continuity to be entirely accepted. Thus, the ‘comparison’ of comparative psychology is between human and nonhuman beings. The exciting and controversial implications of Darwin’s work galvanized public interest very quickly, and suddenly the question of the animal minds gained a new significance. In From Darwin to Behaviourism: Psychology and Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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