The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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The White Puma
Although R.D. (Ronald Douglas) Lawrence’s The White Puma (1990) was published a century after Seton’s Wild Animals I Have Known (1889), it bears a striking resemblance to the original wild animal story. Indeed, it seems closer than even Return or Curlews. The biographical narrative of a rare albino puma being pursued by the same hunters who killed his mother and sister almost could have been lifted from one of Seton or Roberts’ stories. Unusually, however, when it becomes clear that his efforts to evade these men are insufficient to secure his permanent protection, the white puma begins to hunt the hunters —an act of resistance absent from the protagonists of other wild Allmark-Kent 175 animal narratives. 1 I contend that, whilst The White Puma resembles Seton ’s and Roberts’ original stories more closely than any of the other core texts, it also presents one of the most significant departures from that format by defying the ‘tragic animal’ and ‘animal victim’ tropes. Although the eponymous puma is not born until the third chapter, the prologue identifies him as both the autonomous subject of a unique biography, and the target of hunters who view him as an object with parts to be disassembled and sold. As such, the novel’s structure resembles Seton and Robert’s defamiliarizing technique of juxtaposing perceptions of the protagonist as a subject of a life and an object of utility. Likewise, in the first chapter, the white puma’s mother is introduced, wounded and bleeding, trying to escape the same hunters, Walter Taggart and Steve Cousins. Hence, it is twice that Lawrence introduces his protagonists by describing their individual experiences of being perceived as ‘objects,’ before narrating their unique life histories over the following chapters. Most significantly, however, both are described escaping the hunters and attempting to resist victimization. As I have discussed previously, both Margaret Atwood and James Polk described the ‘animal victim’ as the defining characteristic of the wild animal story; even Seton declared that his narrativ es were tragic because “the wild animal always has a tragic end ” (Known 12, emphasis original). For all its similarities with Seton ’s and Roberts’ work, The White Puma seems to set out to challenge these expectations. In fact, Lawrence uses the prologue to establish his protagonist’s unique response to a lifetime of pursuit by hunters: “Had he lived in a region undisturbed by human activity, the puma would never have 1 The exception being Alison Baird’s hunted sperm whale in White as the Waves (1998). As the novel is a reimagining of Moby Dick , however, her protagonist’s response is as inevitable as his tragic death. Allmark-Kent 176 been given cause to experie nce hatred. […] He had been goaded by those men and their dogs. […] Of late, however, the cat had begun to hunt the hunters” (4- 6). Lawrence makes it clear that the puma is seeking the specific humans, Taggart and Cousins, not humans in general, and that the humans instigated this violent relationship. He ensures that the reader is not mistaken; this is not the random action of a ‘savage’ beast, it is the white puma’s unique act of resistance against a lifetime of persecution by these two men. Thus, Lawrenc e’s protagonist is not a victim, and nor is his end tragic. In Seton or Roberts’ hands, the narrative might conclude with the white puma’s death (either by ironic accident or deliberate attack). The White Puma ends with the puma’s legal protection; increased wildlife conservation efforts in the region; the reform of Steve Cousins from hunter to conservation officer; the deployment of dedicated researchers to study the pumas; and a sighting of the protagonist with a mate and cubs. These measures suggest the puma’s ongoing protection from all hunters beyond the end of the novel, not just Cousins and Taggart. The White Puma becomes problematic, however, as the focus shifts increasingly from the pumas’ perspectives to those of the hunters and conservationists. Inevitably, this introduces some ambiguity around who actually resists the animal’s victimization —the pumas or the humans who want to protect them. Lawrence’s inclusion of this secondary human narrative is reminiscent of Seton ’s and Roberts’ slightly more anthropocentric animal stories. Although Roberts prioritized action, tension, and dramatic irony, Lawrence —as Seton does —uses the human perspective to strengthen and nuance his defamiliarization of hunting. For instance, after an encounter with the tawny puma in which Taggart's arm gets caught in his own trap, the two hunters distort the event and use it to construct the puma (and later, her son) as a “man-eater” Allmark-Kent 177 (85) in the local media. This enables them to make more money by bypassing the region's hunting regulations under the pretence of public safety, despite the fact that the puma caused no harm to either man. These diversions from the puma's story allow for a more complex critique of recreational hunting than we encounter in the other texts, revealing the ease with which Canada's hunting industry may exploit regulation loopholes and insufficient conservation laws. In the final quarter of the book, Lawrence also introduces a conservationist, Heather Lansing, and a biologist, David Carew. As in the conversations between Haig-Brown's characters in Return, Carew and Lansing provide information to enrich the text's engagement with science and animal advocacy. Unlike Seton or Haig- Brown’s characters, however, these two are repeatedly confronted with the insults “nature freaks” (240), “bleeding hearts,” and “bloody activists” (250), demonstrating the continued stigma against concern for animals. Thus, Lawrence emphasizes the continued potency of this prejudice, despite the fact that, by the late twentieth century, recognition and acceptance of human responsibility for environmental degradation, species loss, and harm to animal wellbeing, had spread considerably. I contend that the hundred years or so between the publications of Wild Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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