The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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dead objects exacerbates the serendipity of survival in the wild. The farmer
violates the discourse currently dominant in our understanding of the curlew; ‘game-birds’ can be exploited but ‘endangered’ birds deserve protection. Thus, Bodsworth defamiliarizes an act that that would be depicted as a victory or cause for celebration in an anthropocentric narrative, as demonstrated by the accounts of successful shoots in “The Gauntlet.” Indeed, Scholtmeijer describes the act of “the only human who appears in the curlew’s story” as “incomprehensible” (130). She observes that he is characterized as “boorish” through his “repulsive” “eagerness” as he “jumps off his tractor and runs to get his gun” and in his “wanton pleasure of shooting a bird” (131). How would readers react to this scene without the emotional weight of the female’s death and the knowledge that the species is doomed to extinction? How would readers react if this scene was from a different story narrated from the farmer ’s perspective, expressing his pleasure at shooting a valuable bird? For once, our concern is not for the human character. Bodsworth has effectively —if temporarily —marginalized anthropocentric concerns within his zoocentric narrative. Thus, on this rare occasion, the life of a nonhuman outweighs the pleasure, financial gain, or hunger of a human. The female’s death is the tragic culmination of the male curlew’s silent interrogation. Bodsworth’s nonhuman protagonist has questioned his position Allmark-Kent 172 as the last of his species but will never receive an explanation. Instead, the answer is provided for his human readers, complicit directly or indirectly in the extinction of this species. We are all complicit in the speciesist discourses that legitimized both the slaughter of a species and the tragic isolation of a lonely individual —the last of his kind. We are the answer to the male Eskimo curlew’s unspoken question, and the death of his companion reminds us, inescapably, of this terrible fact. Scholtmei jer remarks that Bodsworth’s description of the curlew’s grief, loneliness, and suffering “never steps out of line with natural behaviour” (132). That Bodsworth does not seem to anthropomorphize the emotions of his protagonist is significant and may be crucial to understanding his repetitive insistence on instinct. In a statement rather reminiscent of both Seton ’s and Roberts’ descriptions of their own work, Edwards states: “Bodsworth takes facts for foundation, then builds with plausible fictional materials a dramatic yarn” (13). The influence of the wild animal story is clear. Indeed, Bodsworth reinforces the representation of his curlew as an animal using a solid repertoire of scientific knowledge regarding the biology and behaviour of the species: The outer half of the curlew’s wing, composed largely of the stiff, overlapping flight-feathers, was the propeller that drove the bird forward, producing the airflow which give lift to the inner wing. With every stroke, each individual feather in the out half had to be twisted through a complex series of positions. With the down-stroke, the flight-feathers twisted, front edged down and rear edges up, so that each feather was an individual propeller blade pushing air to the reader and driving the bird ahead. (Bodsworth 31-2) Reviews of Last of the Curlews in Ornithological journals commend the accuracy and detail of such descriptions. One review published in the Journal of Field Ornithology in 1988 states: “Biological details come alive before your mind’s eye and you look at familiar phenomena with a new perspective. Allmark-Kent 173 Scientific detail is presented concisely and accurately, but one hardly thinks of that as you picture the elemental struggle” (Burtt 425). Another reviewer comments that the novel is “a touching story told by a biologist with a deep understanding of shorebird biology” (Davis 394). Each reviewer praises the balance between fact and fiction, yet they also feel the need to assure the reader that they need not fear anthropomorphism in the book: “Science usually frowns on fiction in its field” (Edwards 13); “The skilful avoidance of anthropomorphism is quite remarkable” (Davis 394); “His narration is neither anthropomorphic n or overtly sentimental” (McGrath 269); “We rarely use fiction to put the case of an endangered species before the public, yet this is exactly what Bodsworth has done […] Don’t get the wrong idea. This is not a cute, anthropomorphic story ” (Burtt 425, emphasis added). It seems, then, that Bodsworth ‘succeeded’ in his realistic wild animal story where Seton and Roberts did not. By repeatedly and overtly undermining the cognitive complexity of his protagonist, he has avoided the accusation of nature faking. Here, then, we can see quite clearly the relationship between the controversy and the rise of behaviourism as a model of animal behaviour. Nonetheless, with great subtly, Bodsworth does engage with one of the most controversial techniques of Seton and Roberts. Scholtmeijer observes that, all the “details are historically and scientifically accurate, with the exception of the hope that the last mating pair of curlews could save the species as a whole” (130). I suggest, therefore, that there is an implicit suggestion that Bodsworth’s narrative could be accurate too. The curlew’s journey matches with the recorded sightings presented in “The Gauntlet.” An edition of The Auk provides the account of “[t]wo Eskimo curlews which appeared to be a mated pair” seen in “March at Galveston, Texas” (111). This extract is located in the Allmark-Kent 174 novel at the same point as the pair “waited three weeks” in “the Texas prairies” (109). By interweaving his narrative with this piece of evidence, Bodsworth echoes Seton’s techniques in the stories of “Arnaux” and “Warhorse” from Animal Heroes. All that is lacking, of course, is the assertion that the story is true. In this tentative, guarded manner, therefore, Bodsworth is able to produce an ‘accurate,’ ‘factual’ wild animal story without causing a controversy. Moreover, as in Haig- Brown’s depiction of a pleasure-seeking salmon, Bodsworth creates a distance between the claims he makes on behalf of his Eskimo curlew and the ways that they actually behave. While it might seem paradoxical, I contend that it is only through his insistence on instinct that Bodsworth is able to write a ‘true’ narrative about an Eskimo curlew capable of cognitive, emotional, and social complexity —including love—without it being dismissed as “a cute, anthropomorphic story” (Burtt 425). Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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