Theme: the numeral and the pronoun

Cardinal & Ordinal
Pattern grammeme grammeme (per cent) (per cent) art. -f num. -f - noun 80 98 noun -4 - prepos. + num. 8 link-verb + num. 8 1 other models {page ten, one 4 1 of them, etc.)
English and Russian numerals are similar as to their lexico-grammatical meanings, ways of stem-building, combinability and syntactical functions, but they differ greatly as regards their grammatical categories.
1) Unlike their English counterparts, Russian numerals possess the categories of gender {пятый — пятая — пятое) case (четыре — четырех — четырем, etc.) and number (первый — первые).
2) There is a great difference between ordinal and-cardinal numerals in Russian as far as their categories are concerned. Ordinal numerals resemble adjectives not only in having the categories of number, gender and case, but in the forms of the grammatical morphemes as well.
Cf . пятый — красный пятого — красного пятому —
пятая — красная пятые — красные красному
Cardinal numerals do not possess the categories of number and gender (with the exception of один, два). The case inflections are also different.
Cf . десять — десяти — десятью
знать — знати — знатью
It is no wonder, therefore, that some linguists separate cardinal and ordinal numerals in Russian and regard the latter as adjectives. But this is certainly no reason why the same should be done in English where conditions are quite different.
In certain cases we see special uses of the numerals in combination with the indefinite article in expressing performance assesments: a two, a three, a four, a five, etc. For example: I am giving you a five for your answer, or I have got a four for my composition.
Numeral phrases
Combinations of numerals (2.4.13) generally conform to the structure of noun phrases, but they also have special characteristics which make it natural to treat them separately. For example, they may be spoken and written in quite different ways:
225 two hundred and twenty-five
2 + 2 two plus two
$25 twenty-five dollars
22.08 twenty-two point zero eight
1966 nineteen sixty-six (the year)
10 a.m. ten o'clock (in the morning)
2.15 p.m. two fifteen, a quarter past two (in the afternoon)
The conventions vary with the type of numerical expression (2.7.7.2). Numeral phrases have similar syntactic roles to those of noun phrases and determiners.
Complex numbers
Complex cardinal numbers are built up by juxtaposition of simple numerals (2.4.13), except that and is regularly inserted between hundred/thousand/million and numbers below 100. The following are examples of complex numbers from conversation (digit forms are given within < >):
1 A hundred and seventy-two <172> that's quite high isn't it? (CONVJ)
2 That would be three thousand six hundred <3600>. (coNvf)
3 Cost two thousand, nine hundred and ninety-five <2975> pounds. (cONvf)
Before hundred, thousand, and million, the determiner a is usually used instead of one (as in 1 above).
Types of numerical expressions
There are several special types of numerical expression. The following examples are all taken from conversation (with a numerical translation given in brackets).

1. 
   Clock time
   

Hours are often specified, as in all the examples below, without using the 24-hour clock or indicating overtly a.m. or p.m. The context and shared knowledge of the speaker and hearer normally make it obvious what is meant. For parts of whole hours the number of minutes is specified, using past, to, or neither of these.
However, the word minutes is often omitted. There are alternative expressions also used for the 15, 30, and 45 minute points (examples 1, 2, 3, 5).
1 It's a quarter past - fifteen minutes past six (6.15). (CONVJ)
2 So you put it in at what? Quarter to one (12.45)? Ten to one (12.50)? (CONV)
3 A: What time are we leaving, Brenda?
B: Half past nine (9.30) (CONV)
4 Then I pick him up at three thirty(3.30) (CONV)
5 My boys were in bed at half nine (9.30) at fourteen. (BrE CONV)
6 This finishes at six fifty (6.50). So you're gonna have to remember the oven goes out at six fifteen (6.15) (CONV)

2.