Theme: unusual railways 1

(5) Avtomobilning yana bir turi suyuq yuklar uchun mo'ljallangan vagon-sisternadir. Uzoq

(4) The box car is considered to be the most common type of covered car. It is a general-purpose car intended to carry all kinds of ordinary goods which must _be protected from the weather. A special type of box car is a refriger­ator car used for hauling food products. The walls, floor and roof of this wagon are air- and waterproof to protect goods from the heat of the outside air.

(4) Qutili avtomobil eng keng tarqalgan yopiq avtomobil turi hisoblanadi. Bu ob-havodan himoyalanishi kerak bo'lgan barcha turdagi oddiy yuklarni tashish uchun mo'ljallangan umumiy maqsadli avtomobil. Maxsus turdagi quti vagon - oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini tashish uchun ishlatiladigan muzlatgichli vagon. Ushbu vagonning devorlari, pollari va tomi havo va suv o'tkazmaydigan bo'lib, yuklarni tashqi havoning issiqligidan himoya qiladi

(6) Coal, ore, gravel, and other similar goods are known to be conveyed in open-top cars, the principal types of these being the gondola and the hopper car.Both types are designed for mechanized loading and unloading and, therefore, built especially strong and durable.

(6) Ko'mir, ruda, shag'al va boshqa shunga o'xshash tovarlar ustki ochiq vagonlarda tashilishi ma'lum, ularning asosiy turlari gondol va bunkerli vagondir. Har ikki turdagi mexanizatsiyalashgan yuklash uchun mo'ljallangan va tushirish va shuning uchun, ayniqsa, kuchli va bardoshli qurilgan.

(7) The simplest type of car is the flat car. Being usually employed for transporting rails, beams, timber, and heavy machines, they, if fitted with special devices, can also carry containers. The container traffic is now coming into wide use on all modes of transport because it reduces the cost of loading and unloading goods and decreases the danger of their breakage. The fact is that goods are packed into containers at factories or warehouses and are not disturbed while in transit, thus being conveyed from "door-to-door".	(7) Avtomobilning eng oddiy turi - tekis avtomobil. Odatda relslar, to'sinlar, yog'och va og'ir mashinalarni tashish uchun foydalaniladi, agar ular maxsus qurilmalar bilan jihozlangan bo'lsa, konteynerlarni ham tashishi mumkin. Konteyner tashuvi hozirda transportning barcha turlarida keng qo‘llanilayapti, chunki u yuklarni ortish va tushirish xarajatlarini kamaytiradi va ularning sinish xavfini kamaytiradi. Gap shundaki, tovarlar fabrikalarda yoki omborlarda konteynerlarga qadoqlanib, tashish paytida bezovtalanmaydi va shu tariqa “eshikma-eshik”ga yetkaziladi	(8) In addition to the normal-type wagons there exist special freight cars for special kinds of goods. The example of a special-type car is sure to be a double-deck carused to carry automobiles. The conveyance of automobiles by rail has turned out to be more economical than by road.	(8) Oddiy turdagi vagonlarga qo'shimcha ravishda maxsus turdagi tovarlar uchun maxsus yuk vagonlari mavjud. Maxsus turdagi avtomobil misolida, avtomobillarni tashish uchun ishlatiladigan ikki qavatli avtomobil bo'lishi aniq. Avtomobillarni temir yo'lda tashish avtomobilga qaraganda ancha tejamkor bo'lib chiqdi.		(8) Oddiy turdagi vagonlarga qo'shimcha ravishda maxsus turdagi tovarlar uchun maxsus yuk vagonlari mavjud. Maxsus turdagi avtomobil misolida, avtomobillarni tashish uchun ishlatiladigan ikki qavatli avtomobil bo'lishi aniq. Avtomobillarni temir yo'lda tashish avtomobilga qaraganda ancha tejamkor bo'lib chiqdi.
II (9) As mentioned above, the early passenger cars were copied after stage-coaches and were very small and uncom­fortable. In England, the carriages for the first class pas­sengers had three compartments with soft seats and doors at either side. There was a high seat at the back for the guard, the baggage being carried on the roof. The second class carriages also had roofs, but the sides were low and the seats were hard and primitive. As to the third class passengers, they had to ride in uncovered wagons having no seats at all. The early trains had neither lighting nor heating. (10) Some decades later, about 1840, there appeared carriages which looked more like today's cars. They had the body we are familiar with in modern railways. The body was mounted on two four-wheel trucks. Inside, these carriages were open from end to end and the seats were arranged along either side. The carriages were lighted by oil lamps, heated by stoves, and had wash-rooms at both ends. These cars made it possible for the railroads to carry much more passengers in a single train, and the increased com­fort and conveniences made it possible for the trains to travel longer routes.	(9) Yuqorida aytib o'tilganidek, dastlabki yo'lovchi avtomashinalari sahna murabbiylaridan keyin ko'chirilgan va juda kichik va noqulay edi. Angliyada birinchi toifali yo'lovchilar uchun vagonlar har ikki tomonida yumshoq o'rindiqli va eshiklari bo'lgan uchta bo'limga ega edi. Orqa tomonda qo'riqchi uchun baland o'rindiq bor edi, tomda yuk ko'tarilgan. Ikkinchi toifali vagonlarning ham tomlari bor edi, lekin yon tomonlari past, oʻrindiqlari qattiq va ibtidoiy edi. Uchinchi toifadagi yo'lovchilarga kelsak, ular o'rindiqlari yo'q, ochiq vagonlarda yurishlari kerak edi. Dastlabki poyezdlarda yorug‘lik ham, isitish ham yo‘q edi.