Theoretical grammar of english

a) clauses of place
b) of time (=temporal clauses)
c) causal clauses
d) conditional clauses
e) of result
f) of purpose
g)of concession
h) of manner and comparison
- appositional (always modify a noun, usually an abstract one)
- parenthetical (same function as that of a parenthesis in a simple sentence)


23. Compound and complex sentences. Types of subordinate clauses.
The compound sentence is a composite sentence built on the principle of coordination, expressed either syndetically (by means of coordinative connectors) or asyndetically. The usual classification into compound and complex sentences should be applied to syndetic composite sentences. The basic difference: in compound sentences none of the clauses of which they consist is below the other in rank, they are coordinated. In complex sentences the clauses are not on an equal footing (the main and subordinate clauses). The base sentences joined into 1 compound sentence lose their independent status and become coordinate. The first clause is leading, the successive clauses are sequential.
The coordinators are divided into conjunctions, proper and semi-functional clausal connectors of adverbial character. The main conjunctions are and, but, or, for, yet, so, either or, neither nor, etc. The main adverbial coordinators are then, yet, so, thus, however, etc. Unlike conjunctions they can shift their position in a sentence. The semantic relations between the clauses making up the compound sentence depend partly on the lexical meaning of the conjunction uniting them and partly on the meanings of the words making up the clauses themselves. The coordinating conjunctions differ in definiteness of meaning (E.g. ‘but' has a clear adversative meaning, 'and’ has different shades of meanings: The old lady read the letter and her eyes filled with horror-a meaning of cause. The bazaar had taken place Monday and today was only Thursday-an adversative shade of meaning). The number of clauses in a compound sentence may be greater than two, and in that case the conjunctions may be different.(Gerald was disappointed, for he wanted a son, but he nevertheless was pleased over his small daughter).
The complex sentence is a polypredicative construction built up on the principle of subordination. It's derived from 2 or more base sentences, one of which performs the role of a matrix in relation to the insert sentences. Various types of subordinate clauses affect the principal clause from the point of view of its completeness. (Your statement was just what you were expected to say.). The principal clause dominates the subordinate positionally, but it doesn't necessarily express the central informative part of the communication. In a neutral context the rhematic part of the sentence tends to be placed in the end, so the clause-order is very important (E.g. The boy was friendly with me because I allowed him to keep the fishing line). Intonation plays also a crucial role, and also lexical and constructional theme-forming elements such as emphatic particles, patterns of logical accents of different kinds.
Types of subordinate clauses. The main classification of subordinate clauses is based on the similarity of their functions with those of parts of the sentence: Subjective clause is a clause which performs within a complex sentence the same fund that the subject performs within a simple sentence. (What surprised me most was his kindness). Predicative clause (E.g. This was what she expected him to say). If it's dropped, the sentence will be unfinished- a link v without a predicative. Objective clause - if the subordinate clause could be replaced by a noun, which would then be an object in a simple sentence (He bought what he wanted-he bought a book). Attributive clauses can be limiting and descriptive (contain some additional info-Magnus, who was writing an article for The Sun, looked up and said...).
Adverbial clauses (subordinate clauses denoting a secondary part of speech, not an adverb):
a) Clauses of place-expressed by relative adverb ‘where’ (Then go where u usually sleep at night) b) Clauses of time-many conjunctions (She made a little curtsy as he bowed). c) Causal clauses (As this car is very expensive it's a matter of prestige to buy it). D) Conditional clauses (introduced by if, unless, provided, in case-If we have some money we shall buy it). Peculiarity-the use of verbals. E) Clauses of result (introduced by that, so that-She was so charmed with his eyes, that she didn't notice his drawbacks). f) Clauses of purpose (that, in order that, so that-He crossed the street so that Mary could see him) g) Clauses of concession (though, although-She smiled though she was trembling) h) Clauses of manner (You must explain it as best as u can) and comparison (His eyes met those of his mother's as though swords have been crossed). Appositional clauses modify a noun, usually abstract (fact, idea, question, plan)-He suffered from the idea that Alex could win.
Parenthetical clauses-introduced by 'it seems, as was said (mentioned, stressed) above, as you will see later, as you see', etc, -As you see, he is guilty).