Timss 2011 Science Framework Chapter 2
TIMSS 2011 SCIenCe FraMework
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TIMSS2011 Frameworks-Chapter2
TIMSS 2011 SCIenCe FraMework | 85 reasoning and of an understanding of the investigation of cause and effect. They are expected to evaluate and make decisions, weigh advantages and disadvantages of alternative materials and processes, consider the impact of different scientific endeavors, and evaluate solutions to problems. By the eighth grade, in particular, students should consider and evaluate alternative explanations, extend conclusions to new situations, and justify explanations based on evidence and scientific understanding. Considerable scientific reasoning also is involved in developing hypotheses and designing scientific investigations to test them, and in analyzing and interpreting data. Abilities in this area are introduced at a very basic level in primary school and then further developed throughout students’ science education in middle and secondary school. Some items in this cognitive domain may focus on unified concepts and major conceptual themes, requiring students to bring together knowledge and understanding from different areas and apply it to new situations. As such, they may involve the integration of mathematics and science and/or the integration and synthesis of concepts across the domains of science. 1 Analyze Analyze problems to determine the relevant relationships, concepts, and problem-solving steps; develop and explain problem-solving strategies. 2 Integrate/ Synthesize Provide solutions to problems that require consideration of a number of different factors or related concepts; make associations or connections between concepts in different areas of science; demonstrate understanding of unified concepts and themes across the domains of science; integrate mathematical concepts or procedures in the solutions to science problems. |
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