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90
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ChaPTer 2
The assessment of both fourth- and eighth-grade students’
ability to provide explanations based on evidence from scientific
investigations provides another measure of their understanding
and application of related science concepts. By the eighth grade, it
is expected that students will be able to formulate explanations in
terms of cause-and-effect relationships between variables and in
light of scientific understanding. At this level, students may also
begin to consider alternative explanations and apply or extend their
conclusions to new situations.
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