Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
Translational action as an ‘offer of information’
52 the company itself, good translators will usually aim to achieve maximum effectiveness (only bad translators ‘transcode’). This is not so common if the text is translated within the target-culture company (unless it is needed for product promotion with third parties). Of course, each source text can be as- signed a new function through translation, e.g. being used as an example of good advertising in a course for marketing experts (cf. Vermeer �1979��1983: 74-77). To conclude the discussion of Example 1, let us look at a straightforward example of a translated business letter (from Lentz and Potter 1944: 48; cf. ibid.: 51). Gentlemen, In answer to your enquiry of the 9th of this month, I have to inform you that Messrs. Henry Parker and Son, of this city, enjoy general confidence here. I have no cause to doubt their solvency. The partners are honourable and cautious business men who have hitherto met their engagements promptly. I give you this information in strictest confidence and without any responsibility on my part. Yours faithfully, Alfred Green Suggested German translation (as business letter, i.e. in line with German genre conventions): Sehr geehrte Herren! Auf Ihre Anfrage vom 9. Oktober 19.. kann ich Ihnen mitteilen, daß es sich bei der Fa. Henry Parker and Son, Liverpool, um eine kapitalkräft- ige Firma mit gutem Ruf handelt. Die Teilhaber sind angesehene und umsichtige Geschäftsleute, die ihren Verpflichtungen stets pünktlich nachgekommen sind. Vorstehende Auskunft ist streng vertraulich und wird ohne Verbind- lichkeit erteilt. �Variant: Ich bitte, vorstehende Auskunft als streng vertraulich zu behandeln. Sie wird ohne Verbindlichkeit erteilt.�� Mit bestem Gruß, Alfred Green (The difference in time between 1944 and today will be ignored here.) Example 2: Charles Jervas translates Don Quixote by Cervantes. At first glance, the process looks very much like that in Example 1 but, in this case, the translator is one of the set of source-text recipients: Trl. ∈ S-R. Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 53 However, this is not a simple transfer of text meaning. First of all, the way the translator as recipient interprets the source text is a decisive factor in translation. As Grimm puts it: The question whether Grimmelshausen’s Simplicissimus is read as a coming-of-age novel, an adventure novel, a picaresque novel, a documentary novel, as a realistic, a historical or a critical novel, etc. has a considerable impact on the criteria for processing drawn upon by the recipient. 30 The same applies to the way a source text is processed by a translator (cf. Reiß 1978a). The second important factor in translation is the function chosen by the translator (which must be justifiable): Don Quixote as a masterpiece of world literature, as a book for children or young readers, etc. Thirdly, it is possible to claim that in the case of cultural distance, i.e. spatial or temporal distance between a literary work and its translation, it is inevitable that the function will change. Cervantes wrote a satire on a certain nostalgia for heroic knights which was addressed to readers of his own time. Modern readers, including modern recipients of the translated work, will enjoy the book as ‘information’ about a satire on past nostalgia for heroic knights (cf. Example 3). Even when we are considering the translated work of a modern writer, the cultural distance between the source-text and target-text audiences will lead to a difference in function. A North American, a German or a French person – they all read T. S. Eliot in different ways. And it also makes a difference whether we read the source text in the original language from the perspective of another culture or in another language, e.g. our own, through the filter of a translator’s interpretation. A fourth factor could be the decision to preserve the form/effect relation- ship in the translation of literary (or other) texts, which will not be dealt with in detail here. 30 Die Frage, ob Grimmelshausens “Simplizissimus” als Entwicklungsroman, als Aben- “Simplizissimus” als Entwicklungsroman, als Aben- Simplizissimus” als Entwicklungsroman, als Aben- ” als Entwicklungsroman, als Aben- als Entwicklungsroman, als Aben- teuerroman, als Schelmenroman, als dokumentarischer Roman, als realistischer, als historischer, als zeitkritischer Roman usw. gelesen wird, verändert entscheidend die Ver- arbeitungskriterien des Rezipienten. (Grimm 1977: 32) |
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