Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
hot in here!, answering Why don’t you do it yourself?, etc. The range of
variants depends on the situation (cf. also Wunderlich 1980: 393). 33 Ich habe nicht den Anspruch, Dich zu verstehen, denn ich kann nicht so tun, als könnte ich an Deine Stelle treten. Du bleibst für Dich, mir fremd. Darin besteht meine Achtung für Dich. Aber Deine ���� Erfahrung finde ich bei mir wieder, kenne ich, nicht im Ausmaß, aber in der Qualität. Ich kann Deine Erfahrung mit Dir teilen. ���� Es gibt Gemeinsames zwischen uns. (Dörner and Plog 1978: 55) Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 65 In each case, the reaction shows that the information was received and un- derstood. As all reactions might be linguistically and culturally acceptable in certain situations, the interaction can be regarded as successful in each instance ( 6.). Understanding does not involve responding with the reaction expected by the speaker ( paragraph 7, below). (5) As a phenomenon with an aim, an instruction presupposes a particular situation. In translation, this situation is transcended; it is obvious that the translatum refers to the target situation, which is different from the source situation. With regard to the source situation, the translatum can only inform about it. Cf. Simon (1971, particularly p. 29, note 3), who points out that a source situation can only be regarded as a particular situation if it includes verbal interaction; if this verbal interaction is replaced by another, we have to acknowledge, strictly speaking, that it is not the same situation any more. Any other way of expressing it would be inaccurate but perhaps ‘sufficient’ for a given purpose. (6) An offer can legitimately be declined. An ‘instruction’, however, must be carried out; otherwise, we must face sanctions (S. J. Schmidt 1976: 85). Refusing an offer is not (necessarily) followed by sanctions (but perhaps by an extension of the debate). At most, the partner in question may be offended if his offer is refused. If an instruction is not carried out, the communication is interrupted, although it may be resumed (perhaps to discuss sanctions). An instruction is normative. In everyday language, instruction indicates an asym- metrical relationship between the communication partners: one of them gives the orders (cf. instructions to soldiers in the barrack yard). It should be noted that a sanction following a verbal instruction is social, not verbal. Scolding is not a sanction but the expression of a sanction. Verbal actions can only be offers which, under certain circumstances, may or must be interpreted as instructions. We do not claim that instructions do not exist! What we do claim, how- ever, is that an ‘offer’ is a more general term which includes ‘instruction’ as a subcategory, the offer of an instruction, as it were. This is at least the me- thodological (!) expression we shall use in our theory. Our arguments do not work the other way round. Consequently, ‘offer’ linguistics (if we may use the term here) is the more general theory ( 3.5.3.). Moreover, we shall again distinguish between the producer’s and the recipient’s perspectives: what may be interpreted as an offer by one side may be interpreted differently by the other, and vice versa. Moreover, we are not speaking here of a text being an offer but of being in terpreted as an offer, etc. (7) We can see that the methodological distinction between understand- ing a text and carrying out an action afterwards (as a response to a previous |
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