Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
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- 3.9.1 Transfer
3.9 Translation as ‘imitatio’
So far, we have defined translational action in two ways: (1) as an IO T about an IO S in which (1.1) the translatum is not marked as a secondary text within the text itself and (1.2) the translatum simulates a primary IO; (2) as a phenomenon where the strategy and translation form depend on the purpose of the translational action (the translatum, 0.4.). The definition of translational action as a simulation of an IO S still allows several different translation forms and strategies. (Examples from other cul- tural areas can be found in Khoury 1971, among others.) This vagueness was intentional, as our aim is a general theory of translational action which must not be limited to the strategies most commonly used in one particular culture at one particular moment in time. In the following chapter, we shall outline a definition of translational action limited to what is common in our cultural area today. This outline is intended to be an example of a specific theory of translational action. 3.9.1 Transfer Within the framework of a general theory, the specific feature of ‘translation’ as an information offer is included in the generic term ‘transfer’. In general, a ‘transfer’ refers to the transformation of a sign, as an ele- ment of a sign system which possesses a potential for form and function, into another sign, as an element of another sign system. The strategy chosen for this transfer depends on the circumstances of the purpose behind the trans- fer. The strategy includes, for example, the selection of an appropriate sign from the target system, etc. Given that signs are elements of a system and are transferred as such, and not as isolated elements, the transfer may be as- sumed to possess certain regularities, or, at the very least, arbitrariness may be excluded. The complexity of the signs is not specified (a sign could be, for example, a word, a sentence or a text). Therefore, the rule includes complex signs or sign-systems, such as texts. In real situations, the transfer is subject to Translational action as an ‘offer of information’ 80 individual circumstances; the transfer of verbal signs is subject to language- and culture-specific conditions of verbalization and its cultural implications, i.e. in the transfer of signs from system S to system T, linguistic and cultural conditions will have to be taken into account, e.g. thank you → a smile; hallo → bon soir; auf Wiedersehen → ∅ (a zero sign). Examples of transfer: Intralingual examples: dramatizing a novel, taking notes of a conversation. Extralingual examples: filming an action, painting a landscape, transferring the cultural value of a cow (in India) to that of a pet (in Germany) (cf. Fohrbeck and Wiesand 1983: 10-20). Transfer between extralingual and intralingual examples: reporting an event, recording a conversation. In addition: Mussorgsky composing a piece of music titled Pictures at an Exhibition, building a cathedral from a construction plan, building/interpreting a cathedral as an ex- pression of religious faith. In a transfer, sign elements (e.g. the words of a text) are transferred based on different rules, depending on their function. For example: in a translational action, pronominal references are not transferred, they are ‘quoted’: wherever the speaker says I meant …, the translatum gives the equivalent of I meant … , not of he meant … To say that a transfer is rule-based means that it can be understood and checked by others and that it is (within certain tolerable limits of vagueness) even reversible (although not biuniquely reversible). Thus, a transfer can be described as a specific form of mapping. Based on what we have said before, ‘translational action’ can generally be described as an IO T that maps an IO S (in a particular way, i.e. simulat- ing it): TA ⊆ IO S × IO T Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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