Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
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- 4.6 Phases in decision-making
4.5 The sociological rule
The intended audience (‘addressees’) or recipient may be described as a spe- cific kind or subset of skopos. How an interaction is carried out depends, among other things, on the relationship between the parties to an interaction. For example: different forms of address are used for a professor or a fellow student; the way a man is addressed in his role as professor will differ from the way he is addressed in his role as father. Consequently, we can arrive at the following sub-rule for the skopos rule: the skopos can be described as a variable of the intended recipient (socio- logical rule): Sk = f (R) In the general theory of translational action that we are aiming for, specific limitations to the above rules are not taken into consideration, e.g. translat- ing under duress. As Reiß points out, it is “not only the purpose of a particular translation which plays a role but also commissioners or publishers who may have a say Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 91 in a translation” 44 (the influence printers had on the layout of a text in the 16th century is well known.) In such cases, the general theory will either permit the translator to agree to a skopos set by another person, or replace the translator’s own skopos by someone else’s, which would require applying the skopos rule twice. In either case, the skopos rule itself is not affected. Multiple (recursive) applications of a rule may be described as successive or as simultaneous, with either an amplifying or a dampening effect. 4.6 Phases in decision-making Hella Kirchhoff (in a personal communication dated 6 April 1981) suggests that the different methodological phases within the process of decision- making should be distinguished from one another in order to facilitate their application in translation practice. (1) Setting the skopos A skopos cannot be set unless the target audience can be assessed. If the target audience is not known, it is impossible to decide whether or not a particular function makes sense for them. That any ‘familiarity’ with the target audi- ence can only be relative has been mentioned above ( 3.8.). (2) Redefining the relevance of certain aspects of the source text according to the skopos set Whether such a redefinition is carried out before, during or after the process of translational action may be subject to practical considerations. For example: certain parts of a cultural history written in Spanish by a Latin American author are rewritten if the translation addresses a wider Central European audience with a different background knowledge. 45 The adaptations could be made in the source text by a team of special- ists before the translation is done, they could be made by a translator who is also a specialist in the discipline during the translation process or they could be made by a specialist after the translation is finished (with regard to necessary linguistic modifications, cf. Reiß 1972). 44 […] nicht nur der Zweck einer jeweiligen Übersetzung spielt [eine Rolle], sondern auch Auftraggeber bzw. Verlage pflegen ein gewichtiges Wort mitzusprechen. (Reiß 1980a: 36-37) 45 Katharina Reiß herself translated a book dealing with Latin American history from Span- ish into German: América Latina II. De la independencia a la segunda Guerra mundial, by Gustavo Beihaut, reprinted as vol. 23 of the Historia Universal Siglo XXI (1986), a project initiated by the German publisher Fischer Verlag. Reiß’s translation was published under the title Süd- und Mittelamerika II. Von der Unabhängigkeit bis zur Krise der Gegenwart as vol. 23 of the Fischer Weltgeschichte (Frankfurt 1965). (Translator’s note) The priority of purpose (skopos theory) 92 Travel guides originally written for a non-German audience may have to be rewritten, at least in part, for German readers because they are interested in different aspects of a country (information provided by Helga von Tobel). (3) Accomplishing the skopos The source text must be transferred functionally, taking the expectations of the target audience into account. Phases (1) and (2) require a familiarity with the target culture, whereas phase (3) requires an additional competence in the target language. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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