Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
doing at the moment?, the other person must respond in order to avoid
a ‘severe crisis’. A person who were to answer with another question, e.g. Why do you want to know?, would be asking for trouble in this situation (cf. Kallmeyer and Schütze 1976: 24, note 4). The priority of purpose (skopos theory) 88 We do not agree with Kallmeyer and Schütze because we believe that the rules regulating interaction are not so strict. ( 3.) Norms stipulate that people should act and how they should act. But they leave a certain margin for choice. What is crucial is that the reaction to a situa- tion be such that it can be interpreted as reasonable (of course, each participant of an interaction may be asked for an independent interpretation, but this is something we shall not go into at this point; cf. Schnelle 1973: 37). How a norm is complied with is less important than the fact that the interaction partners try to comply with it. It is the function of the action which is crucial. Eykman (1977: 35-42) shows that images or words can be replaced by other images or words without actually changing the text function. Eykman speaks of “modifications” (Abwandlungen) instead of variants. For transla- tion, this means that (1) under certain conditions, modifications are legitimate, and (2) the conditions are defined by culture-specific norms, e.g. that in order to be considered adequate, modifications should have the same degree of conventionality as the modified image or word. What we do is less important than the purpose of the action and its being achieved. An action is successful if it can be interpreted as adequate or reasonable with regard to the situation. As we have already stated, this interpretation is first required of the agent (producer) himself: he must state what his ‘intention’ was. We have pointed out that not every intention can be (optimally) transformed into an action (you may hit your finger with the hammer before you actually hit the nail). On the other hand, the interaction partner (the recipient) may also try to find an interpretation for the producer’s action. The recipient’s interpre- tation may differ from that of the producer. Each one tries to anticipate the explanation of the other and will take it into account in his action (‘reflexive co-orientation’). (With regard to the trans-individuality of interpretations cf. Schnelle 1973: 37.) Whether there has been a ‘success’ is therefore declared independently by the producer and the recipient and remains separate for both (and perhaps even for a third party). Every action can be assigned a value which for the producer depends on its intention (intended function) and for the recipient on its interpretation (interpreted function). What a theory of interaction primarily needs is not so much a two-value logic theory of truth values as a many-valued (fuzzy) logic theory. It is in the framework of such a many-valued logic theory that we must consider the ‘truth value’ of an action, as the ‘value’ of an action in a given situation depends, among other things, on the relationship between the action and reality (as a phenomenon; cf., for example, an intended/recognized lie or a mistake. With regard to such a truth value theory cf. Marten 1972, among others.) Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 89 An action can be considered (completely) successful (for both parties) if the values assigned to it by the sender and the recipient are within the permis- sible value parameters set for each case so that neither of the two ‘protests’. Based on what they agree to consider an adequate action, both parties will have to negotiate with each other and set the degree of difference which will be regarded as significant in a given situation. When evaluating an action, the recipient must, as we have already noted, take the producer’s intention as an intention-in-the-given-situation-for-the-producer into account (cf. Grice 1957; Alston 1964; Searle 1967; and Marten 1972: 174, note 352, who agrees with all of them.) In other words, each action, and its interpretation, presupposes a ‘theory’ about the action and its conditions. An action can be regarded as successful if the producer’s theory about the action and the recipient’s theory about the interpretation do not differ significantly. With regard to the manner of acting, we should make a distinction between (1) how the carrying out of an intention is planned, i.e. what is done in the planning phase (which ‘theme’ is chosen in order to achieve an intention); and (2) how the theme is put into practice, i.e. what is done in the implementation phase (when the ‘rheme’ is carried out). For example: let us assume that the skopos of our action is to distract someone else from a pressing anxiety. To achieve this skopos, we choose to distract the other’s attention with the ‘the Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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