Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer
83 (2.1) the choice of works to be translated, and (2.2) the choice between direct and indirect translation; and (3) ‘operational’ norms concerning (3.1) textual segmentation (‘matricial norms’) and (3.2) selection of target material for ‘textual norms proper’ (cf. Toury 1980a: 53-55). In our opinion, this typology of norms lacks a convincing logic. Diller and Kornelius (1978: 4) came to the conclusion that the decision about whether translation was an IO T about an IO S or the two-phase extension of a communicative interaction depended on the translation purpose. For example: if the translatum is intended to convey an ‘impression of what German printed obituaries are like’, the German text with all its elaborate wording would be translated faithfully; if it is intended to notify people of the death of a person, it would be replaced by an obituary in a form more commonly found in Great Britain (cf. Diller and Kornelius 1978: 4). In the first case, House (�1977��1981: 202-4) speaks of the source text serving as a “document”, which feels particularly appropriate. In translation, texts with a document function are treated like documents, i.e. their formal structure is “documented” and not “replaced” (as Diller and Kornelius would term it). However, replacement would be the appropriate strategy for a text serving as a medium (or ‘instrument’) for conveying information. In keeping with our comprehensive approach, it is possible to provide yet another description of this case. Beyond a particular, culture-specific, point, a given function no longer works as ‘information’, only as a ‘commentary’; it is not an ‘imitation’ any more, it is another mode of information, e.g. ‘adapta- tion’, ‘paraphrase’, etc. The limits are set first by the translation purpose as the most general criterion and then, depending on the translation purpose, by the culturally prevailing translation practices, e.g. imitation as the standard procedure. Within these limits, individual cases are governed by the rules suggested by Reiß (�1971��2000), which have also proved to be stable within a particular culture from our theoretical point of view. The above example of the obituary can be ‘explained’ in still another way: as genres are culture-specific, we could classify ‘obituary’ under a universal genre or, rather, under a culture-specific genre such as ‘Christian obituary’ or ‘German obituary’. Beyond a certain degree of differentiation, a translation which imitates the source text will no longer work and the translator will have to use a translation which acts as a simulation in its broadest sense (e.g. sub- stituting it with a similar culture-specific phenomenon). For more examples regarding obituaries cf. Reiß (�1977��78). |
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