4.1 Introductory remarks
An action aims to achieve a goal and thus to alter the current state of affairs.
The motivation for such an action is that the intended goal is estimated to be
of greater importance than the current state of affairs. Sometimes, an action
is preceded by a chain of motivations: if somebody acts under compulsion,
this aim may be estimated to be of lesser value than the current state of affairs
but compliance may be less damaging than resistance. An action is always
preceded by (conscious or unconscious) expectations about a future situation
in comparison to how the current situation has been assessed. By summarizing
all the requirements for an action, we are presupposing that it makes sense
for an agent to choose one aim from all the possible culture-specific options
in a particular situation. Incidentally, a general theory of action need not be
explained in detail; see the existing literature on this topic, above all Rehbein
(1977) and Harras (1978). With regard to “action”, cf. Harras (1978: 19);
with regard to action requirements, cf. Harras (1978: 28-31); with regard to
“intention”, cf. Biessner (1982).
We shall now examine the difference between a general theory of action
and a general theory of translational action (as a subcategory of the former).
A theory of action begins with a specific situation which is assessed by a
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