Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
3.9.2 Translation as simulation
As we have mentioned already, in our (modern Western) culture, the concept of translation is usually defined more narrowly, as Toury (1980a: 26) critically comments: Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 81 the existing theories of translation ���� actually reduce ‘translation’ to ‘translatability’ ���� their notions are only restricted versions of a gen- eral concept of translatability because they always have some specified adequacy conditions which are postulated as the only proper ones, if not disguised as the only possible ones. (Emphasis in the original) An additional requirement for the standard – i.e. culture-specific – proce- dures in translational action is that the translatum should be, on all levels, functionally and formally as close to the source text as possible in line with the translation purpose. (The fact that there may be even more restrictive requirements is not our concern here, cf., for example, “formal equivalence” in Koller 1979.) Remember that any reference to ‘the’ source text is actually an abbreviated form of expression. We have pointed out that there is no such thing as ‘the’ authoritative text for all recipients. There is only ‘a’ text in a given situation of reception (cf. Vermeer �1979��1983: 68-88). We have abbreviated the ex- pression to save space and to avoid tiresome repetitions. A ‘text’ can change during the process of interpretation and by being interpreted; interpretation is a dynamic process. We cannot say that something ‘is’ per se a text; a text does not exist until it is constituted by its reception – in a particular situation. All this is well known from reader-response theory, particularly in literary criticism (reception aesthetics), as we have mentioned already. The requirement that the translatum should be ‘as close to the source text as possible’ can be described by ‘imitation’, i.e. the imitation of a particular model in a different linguistic and cultural code, guided by a given purpose, and, as far as possible, on all formal and semantic levels (i.e. with regard to all text elements, from the text as a whole down to the phoneme/grapheme level, including non-verbal cultural aspects). Compared to its much narrower usage in literary history, the concept of ‘imitation’ has been expanded to include more than just models from the Clas- sics. Stackelberg describes the traditional concept: By imitatio, the old humanists were thinking of the imitation of Latin and Greek models, not of models found in modern national languages. 40 We prefer a wider concept. According to Dryden, imitation meant “making a working of one’s own out of the original” (Kelly 1979: 42; cf. ibid.: 46). Jacques Peletier du Mans, in his Art poétique (1555), regarded translation as “the truest form of imitation” (cf. Finsler 1912: 128), and Stackelberg writes: 40 �D��ie Theorie des humanistischen Zeitalters meinte, wenn von Imitatio de Rede war, stets die Nachahmung der antiken, also der lateinischen oder griechischen Vorbilder, nicht die Nachahmung von Vorbildern innerhalb der neueren Landessprachen. (Stackelberg 1972: X) Translational action as an ‘offer of information’ 82 “Imitatio and translation are the most closely related forms of reception”. 41 In the 16th century, imitatio was used as a translation of the Aristotelian concept of “mimesis” (Stackelberg 1972: XI). This is also important here because mimesis refers to an act of imitation involving the whole person. We would like to repeat that translational action is a holistic process (where the verbal elements take precedence). Applied to texts-in-situation, translational action is not only verbal, it also involves the whole person and, as a specific form of transfer, includes the possibility of verbal action being transformed into non-verbal action and vice versa. In interpreting, for example, it is the interpreter as a person, his posture and behaviour, his clothing, his voice, etc. that are involved. Mimesis turns a particular reality into a new reality (Friedrich and Killy 1965: 458), i.e. it turns it into a complete reality, not just a verbal reality, let alone a literary one. This complete reality includes translational action. To conclude our definition of the concept of imitation, we would like to refer to Nida’s concept of “closest natural equivalent” (Nida and Taber 1969: 12), without adopting Nida’s hierarchy of form and style. Betti (�1955��1967: 490-599) tried to develop a typology of human actions as imitations. It is important to note that he also does not regard translation as a mere verbal transfer. There are different degrees and modes of imitation. The degree and mode of imitation (possibly turned into a culture-specific norm in the sense of Co- seriu 1967 and 1970, and pragmatically established) developed for translation determines, among other things, in what respect and to what extent a target text imitates a source text. This is why target texts to a certain degree can deviate from the standard preliminary norms prevailing in original works in the target culture, by keeping close to source norms or even introducing new norms to the target culture (cf. Toury 1980a: 57). An extreme form of approximation with regard to source norms is Schlei- ermacher’s ‘alienating’ translation. It is obvious that such (partial) alienation is due to the requirement of imitation in its most rigid form which still has a rather strong influence on our modern concept of translation. The requirement is culture-specific and therefore beyond the scope of a general theory. When we proceed to present a hierarchy of rules for translational action below, it will become evident that there is no room for Toury’s (1980a: 51-62), or any other, norm typology in our theory. Toury distinguishes between (1) an ‘initial norm’ with a logical (p. 54) or chronological (p. 55) priority which determines the choice between foreignizing and assimilating translation, including (2) a priori ‘preliminary norms’ referring to 41 Imitatio und Übersetzung sind zunächst-verwandte Rezeptionsformen. (Stackelberg 1972: IX) |
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