Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
particularly) informs about the ‘expressive’ character of a source text or
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
particularly) informs about the ‘expressive’ character of a source text or about the possibilities of going beyond the limits of linguistic and cultural norms and systems (cf. Coseriu 1967 and 1970 on norm and system; detailed bibliographical references in C. Schmitt 1979: 132-33). Paepcke has shown this in his works (cf. especially Paepcke �1981��1986); cf. also Glinz (1973: 23) with regard to ‘information’ as the meaning potential of a text. Which forms and strategies of information are chosen in a translation does not depend primarily on the source-text genre but on the intended function of the translatum (cf. Diller and Kornelius 1978). For example: the translation of a US American election campaign speech may either call on the audience to vote (e.g. for Hispanic American citizens) or inform about this call to vote (e.g. for newspaper readers in Spain). Interpreting is also an offer of information (listeners can switch off). Inter- preting is absolutely not the mechanical transcoding of an instruction ( 3.4., Example 5). Simultaneous interpreting works best the more the interpreter leaves the source text behind, focussing on the information about what was said instead of transcoding (cf. Barik 1974 and the discussion in Albert and Obler 1978, esp. p. 92). The discussion in Albert and Obler (1978: 217-20) would seem to show that an interpretation transferring the essential aspects of the source-text meaning sounds more natural and works better, even without specific training, than a form-focussed code-switching operation which tries to faithfully reproduce the wording and structures of the source text. It must be left to a more specific study to find out whether the model proposed by Kirstein and de Vincenz (1974), which tries to make use of various levels of Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 71 deep structure, can account for different translation strategies (cf. also, although in a different context, Albert and Obler 1978: 229). It should be noted here that the IO approach also resolves the dichotomy between foreignizing and domesticating translation, which has been discussed time and again in translation theory: a foreignizing translation would be a trans- lation that primarily informs about source-text forms, whereas a domesticating translation would primarily inform about text meaning and effect ( 2.6.). Those who wish to relate our theory to earlier terminologies might call it a ‘pro- spective’ theory, which is primarily oriented towards the translatum (cf. Postgate 1922). Toury (1980a: passim) gives preferential consideration to such a prospective orientation, compared with a ‘retrospective’, source-text oriented approach. In our theory, prospectivity is linked to the functional perspective ( 4.). There are three potential misunderstandings which could make it difficult to regard translation as an ‘information offer’: (1) Our theory is a general theory of translational action ( 0.). This means that the forms of translating and interpreting common in our Western cultures are conceived of as specific forms of translational action ( 3.9.2.) which, due to their ‘imitative’ character, often look very similar to a two-phase transcoding process. (2) The description of translation as an information offer is a methodo logical approach which does not directly reflect translation practice. A two-phase communication can also be described as a twofold offer of information but, in our model, the second offer is not a transcoding process. Thus, the ‘information offer’ theory is a more complex model which includes non-verbal cultural phenomena, whereas a theory of translation as a two-phase transcoding communication is a specific subtype in which the non-verbal cultural phenomena are assigned a value of ‘zero’. (3) Classification as an ‘offer’ does not exclude the demand for equiva- lence between source and target text (as the vagueness principle seems to suggest) ( 3.9. and 10.). Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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