Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
3.5.2 Instruction
Stein (1979, and in more detail in Stein 1980) has tried to make productive use of “instruction linguistics” for translation theory. Instruction linguistics was first introduced by Siegfried J. Schmidt (1976), who reduced it to “instruction semantics” (ibid.: XIV), which mainly referred to the semantic properties of lexemes, and thus practically abandoned the instruction approach. Instruction linguistics regards (or rather, regarded) a text as a structured set of instructions, given to a recipient by a producer who would like the recipient to understand the text and to react to it in a particular way. According to Stein (1980: 52), the set of instructions inherent in a text constitutes its sense. S. J. Schmidt (1976: 56) claims that the lexeme or the word should be considered Translational action as an ‘offer of information’ 62 to be a rule, an assignment or an “instruction” (the three terms are used as synonyms) which aims to produce a particular form of behaviour in a given situation. Weinrich (1976: 113) generally speaks of “signs” in this context. A text, for example, is a (complex) sign. Schmidt makes a distinction between a “canonical” instruction, referring to the instruction potential inherent in the linguistic sign, and a “situational” instruction, i.e. the instruction as crystallized in a particular situation. (Cf., in contrast, the distinction between “content” �Inhalt�� and “intention” �Gemeintes, referring to the interplay between the utterance and the situation�� in Vermeer 1972: 68, who adds “meaning” �Be deutung�� as a third category, but referring to the verbalized part only.) According to S. J. Schmidt (1976: 56), the instruction always depends on the model of reality represented by the “world” to which the instruction refers or is meant to refer. For example: in a particular situation, the text Please, close the door! is meant to be an instruction. This instruction can be understood as fol- lows: the addressee is asked to understand that the speaker wishes the door to be closed and that the addressee carries out the corresponding action (closing the door). The instruction only works on the basis of a model of reality agreed upon by both communication partners, which implies that both partners share the view that, in the situation at hand, there is a door which can be closed. To sum up, instruction linguistics claims that (1) each text is an instruction, which is (2) directed at both the producer and the recipient, obliging them to understand (3) and carry out the corresponding action; (4) this claim is applicable to each actual textinsituation (5) and even to each possible text content. This is not the place to go into details on the debate about possible text contents, which seems to have been stated categorically in (5). But we would like to refer to Marten (1972), who takes the view that, in each communicative interaction, the partners have to agree on the model of reality they want to refer to. This is relevant for a translation theory because the source and target partners do not usually come into direct contact and, therefore, cannot negotiate a common, similar or equivalent model of reality to which they want to refer. Instead, the translator has to negotiate two models – one with the source-text producer and one with the target-text recipient –, and then make them logically and cultur- ally compatible in his (translational) offer of information. With regard to philosophical, linguistic, terminological, and – most importantly – translatological aspects, instruction linguistics raises certain questions, some of which will be dealt with in the following paragraphs. |
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