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POLYSEMANTICS OF THE AFFIXAL METHOD OF WORD FORMATION
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Статья в журнале учёные 21 века
POLYSEMANTICS OF THE AFFIXAL METHOD OF WORD FORMATION
IN MODERN ENGLISH N. Zugurova 1 Abstract The article discusses the affixation of modern English as the most productive way of word formation. At present, suffixes and prefixes are gaining more and more mean- ings depending on the sphere of use. Key words: derivative neologisms, affixive units, substantive suffixes, adjective suffixes, verb suffixes, word-formation activity, prefix word-formation, lexicalized prefix productivity, generating basics. Political, economic, social changes, scientific and technological revolution of the XX century. cause the emergence of new concepts, and with them new words or a re- thinking of old concepts. The vocabulary is the most permeable, variable and moving side of the language, which “directly reacts to what is happening in the world of realities”, it directly reflects our ideas about the various phenomena of extra-linguistic activity”. The creation of ne- ologisms is a testament to the life of a language, its desire to express the whole wealth of human knowledge, the progress of civilization. The article discusses such areas of communication as scientific and technical, the media and vocabulary of industrial hospitality. Especially many neologisms appear in the scientific and technical language as a result of the rapid progress of science and technology. Not inferior to the scientific and technological process of neoplasm in the field of mass media. Speaking about the fea- tures of neoplasms in modern mass media, we want to note that the media of commu- nication, on the one hand, use the whole variety of language features in the struggle for an audience with competing publications, on the other hand, they have a significant im- pact on it. The language of mass communication becomes more appealing to the mass reader, thus, uses word creation as a special means of creating expressiveness of the text. Affix units, as a rule, are formed entirely in line with the English word-formation traditions, their morphological structure and nature of the motivation of meaning fit into the notion that an ordinary, standard word has developed among native English speakers. Therefore, the appearance of derivative neologisms is deliberately noted by native speakers only when they are aware of the novelty of the signified. This method prevails when creating neologisms proper. A derivative word, as well as a complex one, is characterized, in contrast to a simple one, by the presence of semantic dissection and the presence of internal prediction [1]. Affix units, according to Cannon [2], account for 24% of all neoplasms and are slightly inferior to complex words. However, never before in the history of the English language the number of affixes and their distribution were so rich and diverse as in the present period. Affixation is the formation of a new (derivative) base from an existing (produc- ing) base by adding to the last word-forming particle - affix. Affixation is widely used in the Russian language. Affixes are of two types: suffixes, or particles attached to the end of the producing base, and prefixes (in Russian, prefixes) are particles attached to the 1 Зугурова Нилуфар – п реподаватель английского языка, Самаркандский государ- ственный институт иностранных языков, Узбекистан. Филологические науки 54 beginning of the producing base. This method of word formation is the most productive in modern English. Let us consider in more detail the productive suffixes that have a polysemy. In total over the past 25 years, 103 suffixes have been used in the formation of new words. Highlight the most productive of these suffixes: A) substantive: -ance, -arium, - (a) tion, -ee, -er, -ess, -ette, - ian, -ie (-y), -ing, -ism, - ist, -ite, -it is, -ity, -ment, -ness, -nik, -ocracy, -ocrat, - (e) ry, -ster, etc .; B) adjective: -able, -al, -an, -ed, -ic, ish, ist, -less, -oid, -ous, -y; C) verbs: -ate, -en, - (i) fy, -ise / -ize. Substantive suffixes are suffixes that form a noun. Of all the agent nouns suffixes, -er is the most productive. Previously, this suffix had an agentic and instrumental meaning, and could only be combined with the basics of verbs and nouns. Currently, the suffix - er forms new nouns also from the basics of adjectives and numerals. A large group of derivatives consists of formations from verb stems, joining to which this suffix also expresses an agentic meaning, but with different shades: a) a person who is constantly engaged in what the word producing basis indi- cates (professional activity of a given person); b) A person acting in a certain way at a given time; c) A person with a sign, trait or ability to perform the action indicated by the basis. Very often nouns with suff. -er has all three shades of meaning (polysemy). A special tendency of the modern slice of word formation is manifested in the manifestation before our eyes of new derivational affixes and morphemes of uncertain status, the origin of which has different sources. Firstly, this is due to the phenomenon of morphologization. For example, the root word alcoholic gave rise to the pseudo-mor- pheme -a (holic), which subsequently led to the formation of a full-fledged word-form- ing morpheme and a corresponding model with a very definite meaning, according to which quite a few words have already been formed and can be formed: bookaholic, chocaholic, golfaholic, saltaholic, sweetaholic et al. Prefixes as word-building formants are usually more independent in phonetic, morphological and semantic relations compared to suffixes. Firstly, because, preceding the generating basis, the prefix does not merge into a single phonetic-morphological complex with formative suffixes, while word-forming suffixes come into close formally semantic interaction with formative suffixes. Secondly, prefixes arise, as a rule, from independent words, therefore the meaning of the generating basis with which the prefix is combined is usually preserved to some extent, i.e. does not merge with the value of the prefix itself as a whole, as is the case with suffixing. The mega- prefix, acting as an amplifying particle, is extremely popular in Amer- ican informal communication. In recent years, this prefix is actively used in the vocab- ulary of adolescents. For example, to express the highest rating of an event, phenome- non, person, the word megadual (totally awesome) is used, something extremely good. -Dual in this case is used in the meaning of "twice as good." Sometimes the opposite process is observed - the semi-affix serves as the basis for the formation of nouns or adjectives. For example, the noun maxi is something very large formed from the semi-affix maxi- by conversion. Download 1,63 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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