Uzbekistan state world language university english language and literature department english faculty one
Download 0.59 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
327. Yuldoshev Bobur..Interrogative Sentences
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- COURSE PAPER
- CONTENT Introduction…………………………………………………………………….3-5 CHAPTER I. The notion of interrogative sentence and its peculiarities……...6
- INTRODUCTION
- This paper presents the results of research devoted to grammatical analysis interrogative sentences and their use in “Treasure Island” by Robert Louis
- The topicality of the research
- The aim of the research
- Theoretical significance of the research
- Practical significance of the research
- Structurally the present research work consists
- Chapter two
- CHAPTER I. The notion and classification of interrogative sentence and is peculiarities 1.1 The notion and classification of English sentence
1
THE MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIALIZED EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN UZBEKISTAN STATE WORLD LANGUAGE UNIVERSITY
ENGLISH FACULTY ONE COURSE PAPER
On the theme: Interrogative sentences, their use in “Treasure Island” by Robert Stevenson
Student: Yuldoshev Bobur Group: 327 Supervisor: Viktoriya Rakhmanova
Tashkent – 2020
2
CONTENT Introduction…………………………………………………………………….3-5 CHAPTER I. The notion of interrogative sentence and its peculiarities……...6 1.1 The notion and classification of English sentence……………………….....6-12 1.2 The structure of interrogative sentence and its types……………………...13-18 1.3 The usage of interrogative sentence in English speech……………………18-23 CHAPTER II .Using Interrogative Sentences in “Treasure Island” by Robert Stevenson………………………………………………………………...24 2.1 Robert Stevenson’s life and work.......................………………………….24-28 2.2 Using Interrogative Sentences in ―Treasure Island‖ ……………….…......28-37 2.3 Activities.……………………………..……………………………….......37-42 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………..………...43-44 REFERENCE LIST……………………………………….……………….........45 APPENDIX……………………………………………..………………….....46-48
3
INTRODUCTION ―Our children must be stronger, more educated, wiser and, of course, happier than we are‖ 1
Islom Karimov. On December 10, 2012 President of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov signed a decree ―On measures to further improve of foreign language learning system‖. It is noted that in the framework of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On education" and the National Program for Training in the country, a comprehensive foreign languages’ teaching system, aimed at creating harmoniously developed, highly educated, modern-thinking young generation, further integration of the country to the world community, has been created. During the years of independence, over 51.7 thousand teachers of foreign languages graduated from universities, English, German and French multimedia tutorials and textbooks for 5- 9 grades of secondary schools, electronic resources for learning English in primary schools were created, more than 5000 secondary schools, professional colleges and academic lyceums were equipped with language laboratories. According to the decree, starting from 2013/2014 school year foreign languages, mainly English, gradually throughout the country will be taught from the first year of schooling in the form of lesson-games and speaking games, continuing to learning the alphabet, reading and spelling in the second year (grade). 2
Background of the Study. Interrogative sentence is a sentence that intends to ask something to the addressee The interrogative sentences are divided into four types, there are: verbal question (yes/no question), pronominal question (Wh question), tag question and alternative question. It is used to ask question and ended with question mark in writing. In the spoken language, most yes-no question end with rise in pitch and most
1
I.A. Karimov - Uzbekistan the road of independence and progress. Tashkent. p.64
2 . Karimov I. ―Ma’rifat‖-Tashkent. December 10, 2012 4
interrogative word question ends with full in pitch. Interrogative sentence is a type of sentence most typically used to ask question This paper presents the results of research devoted to grammatical analysis interrogative sentences and their use in “Treasure Island” by Robert Louis Stevenson. The topic of the research: Interrogative sentences, their use in ―Treasure Island‖ by Robert Stevenson. The supervising organization: Uzbekistan State World Languages University The topicality of the research lies in 1) the growing interest for the study of the interrogative sentences in the modern linguistics, 2) the poorly investigated aspects of interrogative sentences in the context of the ―Treasure Island‖ by Robert Stevenson. The aim of the research is the investigation of the interrogative sentence, its structure, determination of its specific and possibilities of its modification and its usage in the ―Treasure Island‖ by Robert Stevenson
1.To make the classification of the interrogative sentences; 2.To collect and classify the required material from the novel; 3.To identify the structure of the interrogative sentence in the novel; 4.To characterize functions of the interrogative sentence in the novel
qualification of the concept of the question and interrogative sentence in the novel, 2) the structural research and identification of the interrogative sentence specialties, 3) the actualization of the interrogative sentence functions and the author’s intention
teaching and deeper investigation of the interrogative sentence structure and functions.
5
Structurally the present research work consists of introduction which is the opening view the whole work, main body part with two chapters and subchapters which include the general and special information about the theme, conclusion, which summarizes all the information and gives the final opinion, and bibliography, where the names of the books and websites are listed.
about the structure of this work. Chapter one is devoted to study the notion and classification of English sentence, the structure of interrogative sentence and its types and the usage of interrogative sentence in English speech
Robert Stevenson Conclusion includes the general data about the result of the work.
6
CHAPTER I. The notion and classification of interrogative sentence and is peculiarities 1.1 The notion and classification of English sentence There are many definitions of the sentence and these definitions differ from each other because that the scientists approach from different view points to this question. Some of them consider the sentence from the point view of phonetics, others - from the point of view of semantics (the meaning of the sentence) and so on. According to the opinion of many grammarians the definition of the sentence must contain all the peculiar features of the smallest communicative unit. Some of the definitions of a sentence are given below. ―A sentence is a minimal syntactic construction used in acts of verbal communication, characterized by predicativeness and implementing a certain structural scheme‖ ―The sentence is the immediate integral unit of speech built up of words according to a definite syntactic pattern and distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose‖ The definitions which are mentioned above prove that B.A. Ilyish 3 is quite right when he points out the following features of sentences as ―The notion of sentence has not so far received a satisfactory definition‖ ―A sentence is a unit of speech whose grammatical structure conforms to the laws of the language and which serves as the chief means of conveying a thought. A sentence is not only a means of communicating something about reality but also a means of showing the speaker's attitude to it. ―Unlike words or phrases that express only different concepts, sentences express relatively complete thoughts and are thus used as units of communication between people; pronouncing (or depicting in a letter) sentences, people communicate something, find out, encourage each other to perform an action.‖ The train moved out of the city.
3
7
Are you ready?
Put down the book. In order for a message about a particular fact, phenomenon to be complete, complete, it is required to indicate how this fact, phenomenon, event, etc. refers to reality, whether it actually exists or is conceived as a possible alleged, imaginary, necessary, etc., i.e. it is necessary to express the modality of the message. Modality certainly exists in any proposal. ‖ ―The most important means of grammarizing a sentence is the completeness of intonation.‖ Thus, concluding the above mentioned conceptions, we can say that in any act of communication there are three factors: 1. The act of speech; 2. The speaker; 3. Reality (as viewed by the speaker). B. Khaimovich and Rogovskaya 4 pointed out that these factors are variable since they change with every act of speech. They may be viewed from two viewpoints: 1) from the point of view of language are constant because they are found in all acts of communication; 2) they are variable because they change in every act of speech. Every act of communication contains the notions of time, person and reality. The events mentioned in the communications are correlated in time and time correlation is expressed by certain grammatical and lexical means. Any act of communication presupposes existence of the speaker and the hearer. The meaning of person is expressed by the category of person of verbs. They may be expressed grammatically and lexico-grammatically by words: I, you, he... Reality is treated differently by the speaker and this attitude of the speaker is expressed by the category of mood in verbs. They may be expressed grammatically and lexically (may, must, probably...)
4 Хаймович Б.С., Роговская Б.И. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка, Издательство ―Высшая Школа‖, Москва 1987 8
According to the same authors the three relations - to the act of speech, to the speaker and to reality - can be summarized as the relation to the situation of speech. The relation of the thought of a sentence to the situation of speech is called predicativity. Predicativity is the structural meaning of the sentence while intonation is the structural form of it. Thus, a sentence is a communication unit made up of words /and word-morphemes/ in conformity with their combinability and structurally united by intonation and predicativity. Within a sentence the word or combination of words that contains the meanings of predicativity may be called the predication. My father used to make nets and sell them. My mother kept a little day-school for the girls. Nobody wants a baby to cry. A hospital Nursery is one of the most beautiful places in the world. You might say, it’s a room filled with love. Thus, by sentence we understand the smallest communicative unit, consisting of one or more syntactically connected words that has primary predication and that has a certain intonation pattern. Now, we are going to talk about communicative types of sentences. In accord with the purpose of communication three cardinal sentence-types have been recognized in linguistic tradition: the declarative sentence, the imperative sentence, the interrogative sentence. These communicative types are strictly identified, and their properties of meaning and form are correlated with the listeners’ responses. Thus, the declarative sentence expresses a statement (affirmative or negative), has a direct word order (SVO…) and stands in syntagmatic correlation with the listener’s responding signals of attention or appraisal. The imperative (or inductive) sentence expresses a request or command, features the initial position of the verb in its structure (V…) and urges the listener to make an action response. The interrogative sentence expresses a question, has an inverted word order (vSVO…) and is 9
connected with an answer (verbal response), forming together with it a question- answer dialogue unity. Alongside with the three cardinal communicative sentence types, another type of sentences is recognized in syntax, namely, the exclamatory sentence. In the course of studies, it has been shown that exclamatory sentences do not possess the basic properties of cardinal sentence-types. Exclamation is considered as an accompanying feature which is actualized in the system of the three cardinal communicative types of sentences. Each of them can be represented in the two variants: non-exclamatory and exclamatory (e. g.: It was a small house — What a small house it was!) Before we take the study of sentence structures it is worth considering the relationship between two notions: sentence and clause. The notion of clause is identical to that of sentence. A simple sentence consists of one clause. When we come to composite sentences, that is sentences consisting of two or more clauses, we have to deal with the notions of main clause and subordinate clause. The first principle of classification of composite sentences is the way of joining clauses: either by means of special words designed for this function (syndetically), or without such words (asyndetically). In the syndetic way, the joining word may be a conjunction, a pronoun, or an adverb. If it is a conjunction, it has no other function in the sentence but that of joining the clauses together. If it is a relative pronoun or a relative adverb, it has a double function: it serves to join the clauses together and at the same time, it makes up a part of a subordinate clause, e. g. I do not know what has happened. The transition zone between simple and composite sentences may be represented by sentences with homogeneous parts (e. g. I took the child in my arms and held him), by sentences with a comparative complex (e. g. This bag is as big as my blue one), and by sentences with secondary predication (e. g. I did not expect you to come so early). 10
Compound sentences consist of clauses joined together by coordinating conjunctions (and, or, but, yet, so). Clauses in compound sentences have equal rights, they are coordinated. However, there is a suggestion that the independence of the second clause is not complete, and its structure and content is predominated by the first clause. The other specific feature of this structural type is that there are compound sentences which consist of clauses belonging to different communicative types, e. g.: It means something to her, but why? Complex sentences consist of clauses which are not on an equal footing. One of them is the main clause and the other (or others) — subordinate. There is a great variety of conjunctions (after, before, though, since, etc.), a number of phrases (as soon as, in order to). Besides, there are relative pronouns (who, which, that, etc.) and relative adverbs (where, how, why, etc.). Complex sentence is a sentence containing at 73 least one subordinate clause. The structural classification of complex sentences is based on the classification of subordinate clauses which includes subject clauses, predicative clauses, object clauses, attributive clauses and various types of adverbial clauses (of place, time, result, purpose, cause, condition, manner, etc). However, the communicative classification of complex sentences depends on the main clause. Let’s look at the Structural types of simple sentences. It is usual to classify simple sentences into two-member sentences (having both subject and predicate) and one-member sentences (nominative, infinitive, imperative). Elliptical sentences are two-member sentences with either the subject or the predicate omitted, presented implicitly. Implication is the information which is not given explicit verbal expression to, but which is suggested by some other elements of the context. Such sentences are treated as incomplete because the missing parts can be easily understood from the context. They are mostly used in colloquial speech and especially in dialogue. Simple sentences, both two-member and one-member, can be non-extended (consisting only of the main parts) and extended (consisting of the subject, the 11
predicate and one or more secondary parts). Elementary sentence is a non-extended sentence which besides the main parts (the subject, the predicate) may have complementive secondary parts. This is a sentence all the positions of which are obligatory. According to R. Quirk et al 5 , the set of elementary English sentences includes the following patterns: 1) SVA — Mary is in the house; 2) SVC — Mary is kind/a nurse; 3) SVO — Somebody caught the ball; 4) SVOA — I put a plate on the table; 5) SVOC — We have proved him wrong/a fool; 6) SVOO — She gives me expensive presents; 7) SV — The child laughed. It should be kept in mind that one and the same verb can belong, in various senses, to a number of different classes. The verb get is particularly versatile and can be found in each type given above: SVC — He is getting angry; SVA — He got through the window; SVO — He’ll 74 get a surprise; SVOC — He got his shoes wet; SVOA— He got himself into trouble; SVOO — He got her a splendid present; SV— He got up. Now, there is given information about the types of sentences according to the aim of the speaker. The declarative sentences: This type of sentence may be called basic, when compared with other types of sentences because all other types of sentences are the result of transformation of kernel sentences which are affirmative in their origin (kernel sentences). - they convey some statement. Maybe because of this fact these sentences are called declarative. - they usually have the falling an intonation - usually they have regular order of words with no inversion.
5
Quirk R. A University Grammar of English / R. Quirk [et al.]. Moscow, 1982. Р. 157–158. 12
Interrogative sentences. There are two structural types of interrogative sentences in Modern English - general questions (yes- or no- questions) and special (or wh-) questions. Both of them are characterized by having partial inversions: Are we staying here? Where are we staying? Besides, the first one has a special (rising) intonation pattern. The second one (wh-question) has interrogative words. But the intonation pattern of wh- questions is identical with that of the affirmative sentences. And it is important to point out that the interrogative sentences require answers (if they are not rhetorical ones). Exclamatory sentences. The peculiar features of these sentences are: 1. exclamatory sentences usually express some sort of emotion, feeling or the spirit of the person who pronounces it; 2.
in their structure they have such introductory words as what and how: Ex. What a lovely night! How beautiful it is here! 3. they are always in the declarative form; 4. there’s usually no inversion; 5. they are pronounced with a falling intonation; Imperative sentences. The imperative sentences are opposed to non-imperative ones because. 1. In imperative sentences the predicate is used in only one form-in the imperative one, while in non-imperative sentences predicate may be used in any form except the imperative. 2. In imperative sentences no modal verb is used. 3. The imperative sentences are most often directed to the second person. 4. The subject of the imperative sentences are almost always represented by the zero alternant of you, that is, elliptically.
Download 0.59 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling