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Conversion

Conversion is the way of making a new word from an already existing word by changing the category of part of speech without any additional affixes. Mainly change such parts of speech as: nouns, adjectives, and verbs – primarily the verbs that come from nouns and the nouns that come from verbs (Crystal 1995).
Ingo Plag (2003) provides some examples of words which are made by means of conversion. These words are derivationally related and are completely identical in their phonetics.

1. 
   the bottle – to bottle; the hammer – to hammer; the file – to file; the skin – to skin; the water – to water
   
2. 
   to call – a call; to dump – a dump; to guess – a guess; to jump – a jump; to spy – a spy
   
3. 
   better -to better; empty -to empty; hip -to hip; open- to open; rustproof -to rustproof
   
4. 
   poor -the poor; rich -the rich; well-fed -the well-fed; blind -the blind; sublime- the sublime
   

As can be seen, different types of conversion can be distinguished, in particular noun to verb (A), verb to noun (B), adjective to verb (C), and adjective to noun (D). Of course, there are other types which are insignificant and which are few in number. These four types are the most important and productive (Plag 2003).

4. Shortening

Shortening (Contraction) is the process of forming a word from the initial elements of a word combination (for example: flu, lab, B.B.C, U.F.O, V-day).
Shortenings are produced in two ways. New word can be made from a syllable or two syllables of the original words – that is the first way. Here the word may lose its beginning, ending or both the beginning and ending. There are some examples: phone made from telephone, hols from holidays, vac from vacation, fridge from refrigerator.
The second way of shortening is initial shortenings. It means that a new word is made from the initial letters: B.B.C. from the British Broadcasting Corporation, M.P.

from Member of Parliament. It can be applied not only with formal words but, also, with colloquialisms and slang. So, g. f. is a shortened word made from the compound girl-friend (Antrushina 1999).

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