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Exercise 12. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian :

Ancient occupation

The skills
To evolve
The first toolmakers
The forerunner
To refine
Irrigation system
The marvelous buildings
Practical application
Observation
Slave labor
The steam engine
The key figure
The mechanical advantage


Exercise 13. Complete the sentences. Find the ending of the sentences in the right column:

Engineering … . It is based on … . In ancient times engineering work was done … . In the Middle Ages the methods and devices of work … . In the 18^th century … . Steam gave man … . Since the 19^th century both scientific research and its practical application … . In thr 20^th century the mechanical engineer had … . the engineer has new and … .

many new sources of power such as electricity, gasoline, atomic power, etc. the Industrial Revolution began. One of the most ancient occupations in history. And much stronger materials to work with. By means of slave labor. Became more efficient. Theoretical sciences such as physics and mathematics. Great sources of energy. Have greatly progress.

Exercise 14. Fill in the table. Use the information from the text B:

Engineering specialty	Its forerunner	Its function
Mechanical engineer	Toolmakers who chipped arrows and spears from rock	To make tools and machinery
Mining engineer
Civil engineer
Metallurgical engineer

Exercise 15. Answer the questions:

1. 
   Who were the forerunners of modern mechanical, mining and metallurgical, and civil engineers?
   
2. 
   How is engineering often defined?
   
3. 
   What kind of information were many of early branches of engineering based on? Give some examples.
   
4. 
   Name two important factors in the explosion of scientific knowledge in modern times.
   
5. 
   What made people in the Middle Ages in Europe begin to experiment with new devices and methods of work?
   
6. 
   What was the historical result of experimentation with different kinds of energy?
   
7. 
   Who was James Watt? Why did he devise the concept of horsepower?
   
8. 
   What advantages have scientific research and its applications given to the mechanical engineer?
   
9. 
   What energy sources have come into common use since steam engines were developed at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution?
   

8.