What are the difficulties in translation of phrasal verbs? The following matters can be encountered

Connected with traditions, beliefs, customs: baker’s dozen, fish and chips, black sheep;

English realia: to carry coal to Newcastle;

Authentic literary works: a Sherlock Holmes;

Historical events: Hobson’s choice;

Professionalisms: to be all at sea;

Authorised PhUs: the wish is father to the thought (W. Shakespeare);

PhUs with English proper names: clever Dick, etc.

Borrowed PhUs:

• 
  Biblical expressions: the olive branch;
  
• 
  Religious rituals: for better or for worse;
  
• 
  Greek mythology: a Sisyphean labour;
  
• 
  Foreign literature – Aesop’s idioms: to kill the goose that laid the golden eggs; sour grapes;
  
• 
  Roman mythology: life is not a bed of roses;
  
• 
  From French: the fair sex, bon appetit;
  
• 
  From German: too many cooks spoil the broth;
  
• 
  From Latin: a devil’s advocate;
  
• 
  From Arabic: an open sesame;
  
• 
  From Chinese: to lose face; etc.
  

15. 
    What is a motivation? What types of motivation do you know?
    

The term motivation is also used by a number of linguists to denote the relationship between the central and the coexisting meaning or meanings of a word which are understood as a metaphorical extension of the central meaning. Metaphorical extension may be viewed as generalization of the denotational meaning of a word permitting it to include new referents which are in some way like the original class of referents.
If metaphorical extension is observed in the relationship of the central and a minor word meaning it is often observed in the relationship between its synonymic or antonymic meanings.