What are the difficulties in translation of phrasal verbs? The following matters can be encountered

Answers

1. 
   What are the difficulties in translation of phrasal verbs?
   

The following matters can be encountered:
1 Semantic problems.Many phrasal verbs are polysemous, that is they have more than one meaning which could be as a result of the usage, context or the environment. The phrasal verb to put down has the literal meaning of putting something down and the idiomatic meanings;
a) To make someone feel small, to criticize and humiliate them.
b) To kill as in the sentence, I had to have my cat put down
c) To stop, quash, put an end to.
As in the sentence, the police put down the riot with unnecessary brutality.
2 Syntactic problems
There are difficulties with the syntax of phrasal verbs, particularly with the position of the particles.
Examples:
a) She put down the baby. ( correct)
She put the baby down. (correct)
b) The student put her bad grade down to tiredness. ( correct)
The student put down her bad grade to tiredness. (incorrect)

2. 
   What are the differences between a word and a set expression?
   

A word is constructed in speech while a set expression is ready made.
A word can be substituted with synonyms or antonyms while we can’t change the components of a set expression.
A word is used in its denotational(individual meaning) but a set expression can be partially or fully non-motivated
A word functions as a separate syntactic unit and so does a set expression
The meaning of a word is unpredictable and a set expression is vice versa. A phraseological unit can have both denotational and connotational and stylistic( emotional, evaluative, functional and pragmatic meanings

3. 
   Describe the category of adequacy in translation, with examples
   

There is a fundamental difference between formal equivalence, on the one hand, and semantic and pragmatic equivalence, on the other. Formal equivalence may accompany semantic and pragmatic equivalence but it is by no means mandatory. It has been pointed out that the translator does not set himself the task of preserving the syntactic relations of the original. Nor does he aim at formal equivalence between the original and the translation. Usually formal equivalence results from similarity of grammatical forms and lexical items of the two languages. But it does not arise out of a deliberate effort. Adequate translation may be defined therefore as that which is determined by semantic and pragmatic equivalence between the original and target-language text.
Adequate translation is called a translation that meets all these requirements and, above all, pragmatic problem posed. In non-strict use of adequate translation - it's just a "good" translation, to meet the expectations and hopes of the participants cross-language communication, or persons carrying out assessment of the quality of translation. Equivalent translation - a translation that reproduces the content of the original on one level equivalence. We have already noted that the appropriate translation should be equivalent (at a given level of equivalence), but not everyone will be adequate equivalent translation. Under the accurate translation of the translation is generally understood, which is equivalent to a replicated object-logical part of the original content for possible stylistic errors. The equivalent translation can be precise and accurate translation partially equivalent. Adequate translation provides pragmatic tasks at the highest possible level of equivalence, preventing violations and uzusa PYA observing genre and stylistic requirements and corresponding conventional rate of translation. The classic definition of an adequate translation is considered appropriate that the semantic and pragmatic equivalence in translation. Thus, adequate translation wider equivalent.
Adequate translation is good translation, as it provides communication in full. Equivalent translation is the translation providing the semantic identity of the target and source texts.
Equivalence” is regarded as semantic similarity of the S. and T. language and speech units. Adequate translation - is the translation performed at the level sufficient and necessary to convey the information and preserve the norms of the TL.

4. 
   What is emotive function? How can it be used in PhUs? Provide examples Emotive function renders the attitude of the speaker which can be pleasant or unpleasant. There are some set expressions to express emotionality such as a sight for sore eyes, work like a horse, plain as the nose on your face, give a green light
   
5. 
   What are conversive verbal phraseological units? Provide examples
   

Conversive or coreferential verbal PhUs are applied to the same referent, represented by an object, state or action and can be interchangeable in certain discourses. Examples: to give smb the sack- to get the sack,( to be dismissed) to come to one’s senses- to go out of one’s senses (to lose control), to keep one’s head- to lose one’s head, to fall in love-to fall out of love, to lose heart- to take heart

6. 
   What is the difference between lexical and phraseological idiomaticity?
   

Idiomaticity in phraseological units denotes lack of motivation from the point of view of foreign language learner and his or her mother tongue. For native speakers in most cases motivation might exist or can easily traced down to culture, history, authentic literature, religious texts. Idiomaticity lies in the foundation of systematized knowledge structures. The cognitive world of any person is determined through his or her cognition and life experience as well as national language picture of the world. The cognitive linguistic treatment of idiomaticity view idioms as products of our conceptual system. To my mind, lexical idiomaticity keeps the original meaning of components of word groups while in phraseological idiomaticity the meaning cannot be understood from individual words.

7. 
   Can you suggest your own definition of a set expression? A chosen unchanged group of words which express one meaning together. Give examples Formulaic expressions, lexical phrases, lexical bundles, prefabricated chunks, single chunks, idiomatic expressions, set expressions, fixed string of words, collocations, phrasal verbs, idioms, automatic speech, preferred ways of saying things
   
8. 
   What criteria for classification of phraseological units do you know?
   

Criteria for classification of phraseological units include the following:

1. 
   Structure: bi-lexemic, multi-lexemic
   
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