What are the difficulties in translation of phrasal verbs? The following matters can be encountered
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final phraseology
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- Morphological motivation
- A short coat of thick wool, worn by seamen- Idio
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Semantic motivation implies a direct connection between the central and marginal meanings of the word. This connection may be regarded as a metaphoric extension of the central meaning based on the similarity of different classes of referents denoted by the word.
Phonetical motivation implies a direct connection between the phonetic structure of the word and itys meaning. Phonetical motivation is not universally recognized in modern linguistic science. Morphological motivation implies a direct connection between the lexical meaning of the component morphemes, the pattern of their arrangement and the meaning of the word. What are primary ways of forming phraseological units? What is a linguistic valency? What types of them do you know? How is idiomaticity cognitively created? Explain with an example Define to which type by A.V. Kunin’s functional classification the following phraseological units belong to: Fits like a glove Cool as a cucumber Once in a blue moon Burn the bridges With regard to What is a communicative function in PhUs? Provide examples The communicative function of phraseological units is their ability to serve as communicative or message means. Communicvative functions refer to the constant functions. Proverbs and sayings are represented by communicative function. Some examples of proverbs are the following: Absence makes the heart grow fonder. After the feast comes the reckoning. Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder. Clothes do not make the man. Familiarity breeds contempt. Haste makes waste. What are the basic functions of metaphor and metonymy? Metaphor and Metonymy are two commonly used literary devices in literature. Metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two unrelated subjects without the use of connecting words like “like” or “as” . metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of an idea or object is substituted for another name that the original name is closely associated with. The main difference between metaphor and metonymy is that metaphor compares two things whereas metonymy replaces one thing for another. Ex: books are the mirrors of the soul-metaphor A stone heart-metonymy What are comparative verbal phraseological units? Provide examples Verbal PhUs may be fully demotivated and based on metaphoric, metonymic or comparative transference; In V.V. Vinogradov's classification they are termed fusions; In N.N. Amosova's classification they are termed idioms: • To show the white feather - behave in a cowardly fashion; To have one's head in the clouds - be out of touch with reality, be daydreaming; • To set the Thames (river, world) on fire - do something remarkable or sensational; To swap horses in midstream - to choose a different leader or policy during a time when serious problems are being dealt with Explain how traditionally free word-groups can be developed into phrasemes or idioms. Provide examples What ways of forming phraseologisms do you know? A. V. Kunin classified phraseological units according to the way they are formed. He pointed out primary and secondary ways of forming; Primary ways of forming phraseological units are on the basis of a free word-group; Secondary ways of forming are on the basis of another phraseological unit; What types of phraseological units are included into “nominative” category by A.V.Kunin? A.V. Kunin applies a functional approach to the classification of PUs. He divides them into the following four classes according to their function in the communication determined by their structural-semantic characteristics: Nominative phraseological units are represented by word-groups, including the ones with one meaningful word, and coordinative phrases of the type wear and tear and well and good. This type can be subdivided into substantive, or nominal (ways and means, warts and all, the salt of the earth, and skeleton in the closet/cupboard), adjectival (weak as a kitten, sadder but wiser, safe and sound, and red in the face), adverbial (to and fro, all at once, and all over the place), and verbal (wash dirty linen in public, screw up one’s courage, and walk the plank). Nominative-communicative phraseological units include word-groups of the type to break the law– the law is broken, i.e., verbal word-groups which are transformed into a sentence when the verb is used in the passive voice. Phraseological units which are neither nominative nor communicative include interjectional word-groups. Some examples are Alas, poor souls! Holy mackerel! My word! Communicative phraseological units are represented by proverbs and sayings. Some examples of proverbs are the following: Absence makes the heart grow fonder. After the feast comes the reckoning. Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder. Clothes do not make the man. Familiarity breeds contempt. Haste makes waste. Can phraseological units have a semantic structure? Justify your opinion Semantic structure of a phraseological unit is widerthan its meaning as it not only includes the denotative and connotative components, but is also characterized by the type of grammatical meaning as well as its systematic linguistic and speech relations. Although phraseological units share figurativeness and relative stability, they may also be motivated and non-motivated. Unmotivated phraseological units are those in which there is no relation whatsoever between the meaning of the whole combination and those of its components. A motivated phrase is the one whose meaning can be deduced from the meanings of its components and partially motivated are phraseological units whose sense could be perceived as a metaphorical and metonymycal extension of the whole expression. What is an evaluative function? Provide examples How is motivation related to idiomaticity? Semantic motivation – is the relationship between the original and metaphorical menanings. Metaphorical meaning may be viewed as the generalization of the denatational meaning of a word. Idiomaticity – is a general phenomena, is a combination of two or more words which function as a unit of meaning. Find 5 PhUs with a weather component in English/Russian/Uzbek and analyse their types pea jacket- A short coat of thick wool, worn by seamen- Idiophraseomatic meaning, unities, phraseme, substantival doggy bag-unities, phraseme, nominative pull one’s leg-fusion, idioms, nominative a marriage of convenience-phraseological combination-Vinogradov,a traditionally fixed-Amosova, phraseomatic-Koonin to oil one’s palm-fusion-Vinogradov, Idioms-Amosova, Idiomatic-Koonin What types of cognitive structures can be represented by PhUs? Phraseological units are one of the most studied language means in modern trends of linguistics, such as cognitive and cultural linguistics. Phraseology of any language usually reflects the life style, mentality, history and cultural beliefs of this nation, that’s why phraseological units convey different types of knowledge structures. There are different approaches to analyze and classify phraseological units as semantic, etymological, contrastive, linguo-cultural and linguo-cognitive approaches. A model used in the formation of phraseological units is metaphorical in its nature. Creating idioms cannot be imagined without participation of metaphors amd metonymy. What is the principle of “functionalism” as a linguistic trend? Functionalism, in linguistics, the approach to language study that is concerned with the functions performed by language, primarily in terms of cognition {relating information), expression and conation. Especially associated with the prague school of linguists prominent since 1930s, the approach centres on how elements in various languages accomplish these functions, both grammatically and phonologically. What is an archaism? Provide phraseological examples Archaic words were once commonly used but now seldom used by modern speakers of English. Many archaic words come from the Middle Ages. Ex: betwixt-between, potation-drink. Shakespeare, one of the greatest writers in the English language, used many archaic words. Ex: to thine own self be true-o’zini aldash axmoqni ishi Archaisms are also seen in idioms and proverbs, which can preserve them Ex: today me, tomorrow thee-birovning ustidan kulmagin zinhor. What is a pragmatic function? How is it related withPhUs? The major function of any unit of language including the phraseological unit is the pragmatic function, purposeful influence of a language sign on the adreessee. Phraseological units strengthen the pragmatic orientation of the text or of its part-acontext. From this point of view the sub-types of the pragmatic function are stylistic, cumulative, dretive, evaluative, and summarizing functions. What meanings can be found in the semantic structure of the word? Semantic classification of phraseological units is based on the motivation of the unit. It is suggested by Vinogradov: Phraseological fusions – the meaning of PhFs is unmotivated i.e the meaning of the components is completely absorbed by the meaning of the whole. Ex: a mare’s nest Phraseological unities – the meaning of the whole is based on the transferred meanings of the components. They are motivated expressions. Ex: to show one’s teeth Phraseological collocations – in this type one component is used in its direct meaning and the other component is used methophorically. They are unmotivated.Ex: to meet the needs Define the types of borrowed words according to classification: Bon voyage-goodbye, late 17th century, French, fusion, idioms, idiomatic Flop the test-to fail, combination, a traditionally fixed,, combination, a traditionally fixed, phraseomatic Pandora’s box –muammoli vaziyat, comes from ancient Greek story, fusion, idioms, idiomatic 69.What is a cognitive function of proverbs and sayings? JAvob topolmadim 70. Comprise a phraseosemantic group denoting ‘anger’ and analyse its members according to various classifications Download 67.5 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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