= 161. 2*362 (075. 8) К211 ббк [81. 2-2 Англ + 81. 2-2 Укр] я 73

3. The English participle versus Ukrainian д1еприкметник and дкшришпвник
Participle as the English verbal form combines both the features of adjective and adverb. Being used in the attributive meaning, it corresponds to Ukrainian д1еприкметник, but when it is used in the circumstantial meaning, it corresponds to our д!еприсл1вник. So, we should constantly bear in mind, that the term "д1еприкметник", which is usually used regarding the English Participle in grammars and textbooks of the English language published to be used in Ukrainian schools, is rather incorrect and conventional one.
Complex forms of the English Participle are built with the help of the same auxiliary verbs as the corresponding personal verb forms. Together with verb forms they enter the general system of conjugation. Ukrainian д1еприкметник and д1еприсл1вник stand separately from the personal forms of the verb and have their peculiar characteristic features. The Ukrainian д1еприкметник combines in itself the categories of the verb and the adjective, and that is why it is often called the verb-noun form (щеашвночменна форма), that is the intermediate from between the verb and the adjective. Such features of Ukrainian д1еприсл1вник as its morphological unchangability
(незмшнють) and the typical syntactic function of the circumstantial word, also witness about the fact that it is by itself the intermediate lexical-grammatical category, transitive from the verb to the adverb [5; 99].
The English Participle. The English Participle is characterized by a rather complex system of forms, in particular: Participle I or Present Participle in active and in passive states (finishing, being finished), Participle II or Past Participle (finished) and Perfect Participle (according to Yu.O. Zhluktenko Participle III) in active and in passive states (having finished, having been finished) [5; 99].
The active Participle I (swimming) can have the attributive and the circumstantial meanings, so it can correspond to the Ukrainian д1еприкметник of the present tense (плаваючий) or to the verbal descriptive attributive construction (той, хто (який) плаваё) or to д1еприогпвник (плаваючи).
The passive Participle I (being asked) has more often a circumstantial than the attributive meaning, it corresponds usually to the Ukrainian verbal descriptive construction (коли мене запитали), more seldom to д1еприсл1вник (будучи запитаним).
The Participle II has only an attributive meaning that is why it mainly corresponds to the Ukrainian passive д1еприкметник: finished - зактчений, зактчуваний.
The Perfect Participle is used only with the circumstantial meaning. It corresponds mainly to the Ukrainian д1еприсгпвник of the past tense, or to the verbal descriptive construction, e.g.: having finished (зашнчивши, коли/тсля того як; я ... вт зактчив); having been finished (бувши зактченим/коли (теля того, як) його ... и зактчили. This English participle cannot be used, when we should render the continuity of the action sequence (безперервнють слщування д1й), whereas the Ukrainian ддепржшвник of the past tense (зробивши, npuixaeuiu, сказавши) can express both the antecedence of the action (передування дй) as well as discontinuity of the action succession (безперервнють слщування дш).
Having the present and perfect forms the English participle expresses the category of tense. But being constantly used in the function of the secondary, subordinated part of the sentence, it is

182
183

seldom used with the independent tense meaning. Almost always its tense meaning is a dependent one and is determined by its correlation with the predicate or the circumstance of time. Participle I mainly stresses upon the simultaneous character of the action denoted by it action with the action denoted by the predicate, whereas the Perfect Participle shows the action which was prior to the action of the predicate and was finished till the beginning of another action.
The category of aspect is revealed by the English participle inconsistently and in a limited way (непослщовно i обмежено). The aspect meaning of its forms is usually subordinated to their tense meaning and is not always expressed clearly. Participle I in the attributive function has mainly the aspect processual (процесуаль-ний) meaning (the man smoking ... людина, яка зараз курить ...), in its circumstantial usage it usually does not have the clear aspect meaning. Past and Perfect Participles have the aspect meaning of the action completeness: done, having done (зроблений, зробивши).
The English participle has also the forms of the active and the passive states.
Unlike the Ukrainian participle, the English participle does not have any of noun categories - gender, number, case. It is widely used for building of analytical tense-aspect personal verb forms and as well can enter as a constituent part specific English syntactic constructions, in particular, the so called "Absolute Participial Construction", "Complex Object with Participle" and others [5; 99-100].