4404138.pdf [Levina Tatyana Borisovna]
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- Litter Pool .-" ----- --- ...... ---- ... -- ...... : Photosynthesis
- .....................
- Observed daily rainfall for Sevilleta Range (St. 40), 1988-1992
- Mean daily moisture contents Nt
- Mean daily vegetation fraction
- 5.2.1 Terrain representation
- SANDY
Atmospheric CO 2 D
, , • Maintenance L~~.~~~.. .J
en .Q Q) C'l .~ :E "'C Q; Q) > 0 0 ::l "'C
C c 2 'J; Q)
::l ~
Ci5 en i= D 1 1 Litter Pool .-'" ----- --- ...... ---- ... -- ...... : Photosynthesis : 1_ _ _ _ 2 1
": L.~~~..l
..................... .. ....L~.~~.J ,- ----- ... -- -- ... ---- ...... '" +-:
Recruitment : 1_ _ _ .! Figure 4-1: A conceptual diagranl of carbon fluxes simulated by the l1l0del and an outline
of the processes involved. The three major carbon
pools are leaves, fine roots,
and sapwood (woody species). Boxes outlined with dashed lines illustrate processes that affect the carbon balance. The dotted-line boxes represent intermediate quantities, whose Inagnitude iInpacts the occurrence of processes that are assluned to follow. The solid-line arrows show carbon fluxes, while dotted-line arrows depict an intermediate partition of carbon fluxes, which depends on the outconle of carbon balance at the preceding stage. The filled downward arrow depicts carbon
uptake from
CO 2, while the filled upward arrows show carbon loss by vegetation. ing to the fluxes froln sapwood and fine root carbon pools. The SUIn of all respiration fluxes (i.e., for canopy, sapwood, and fine roots) constitutes the Inaintenance respira-
tion, which refers to the CO 2 emission from plants as the result of protein repair and replacement and the respiratory processes that provide energy for the Inaintenance of ion gradients across cell Inenlbranes (Penning De Vries, 1975). If the difference be- tween G P P and maintenance respiration is positive, growth respiration is estilnated as a constant fraction of that difference. The growth respiration represents the con-
struction cost (i.e., expended metabolic energy) for new tissue synthesis from mineral and glucose (the product of clark reactions of photosynthesis). 227
West Side A"':'~~'~::;:~~!~{ I; .~
~ ~? D Sevilleta boundary
• Fertilizer study sites IA Weather
stations /1'\,/ Sevilleta roads 5
East Side o 5 Kilometers Figure 4-7: Map of the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, illustrating the location of weather stations and fertilization study sites. into the direct beam and diffuse components using the same fractional conlposition as the measured radiation at the station in Albuquerque; 3) to further partition the
direct beam and diffuse radiation fluxes into the VIS and NIR bands, the calibrated radiative transfer model of Section 2.3 was utilized to obtain the corresponding frac- tional composition, which was then used for the observed data.
In addition to the
above procedure, when a period of missing data was encountered for Station 40, the
gap was filled with the data corresponding to a nearest station in Sevilleta containing non- void data. Inspection of digital elevation data for the area of lVlcKenzie Flats site reveals that its topography can be characterized as flat surface situated in a non-convergent terrain location. Therefore, vegetation-hydrology dynamics can be assulned one-dimensional with negligible lateral effects such as radiative shading or mass transfer from adjacent areas. A single flat element is used for simulations and mass fluxes are restricted to be in the vertical direction only. Since no data are available on the hydraulic properties of Turney Loamy Sand soil, the soil type typical for the area of study, a generic loamy sand soil type (Rawls 261
25 a.) Observed daily rainfall for Sevilleta Range (St. 40), 1988-1992 20 .. i;' 15 '0 E 10 oS 5 1989 1990
1991 1992
1993 1993
1993 1992
1991 1990
b.) Mean daily moisture contents Nt 1989
1990 1991
c.) Mean daily Leaf Area Index (LAI) 1989
0.8 0.6
:I: 0.4
0.2 0 1988 ~ 1 N I oS o 1988 :c 3 c: ::2
o N~ 2 I E c.) Mean daily vegetation fraction 0.8
......0.6 ...!...
0.4 0.2
o 1988
1989 1990
1991 1992
1993 Year Figure 4-8: The tinle-series of a.) the total daily observed precipitation and the simu-
factor
f3T, c.) leaf-area index (LAI), and d.) vegetation fraction for NlcKenzie Flats site in the Sevilleta National \tVildlife Refuge. The considered period is 1988-1992. 264
a.) Mean daily moisture contents 0.4
0.2 1989
1990 1991
1992 1993
3 b.) Daily transpiration flux ......
I ~ 2 '0 E
o 1988
1989 1990
1991 1992
1993 3 . c.) Daily soil evaporation flux ......
I ~ 2 '0 E
1989 1990
1991 1992
1993 d.) Daily drainage / capillary rise from/to the root zone 6 o 1988 1989
1990 Year 1991
1992 1993
Figure 4-9: The time-series of the mean daily a.) relative soil moisture contents and total daily b.) transpiration c.) soil evaporation, and d.) drainage / capillary rise from / to the grass root zone sin1l1lated for McKenzie Flats site in the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge. The flux rates are provided as the element scale quantities. The considered period is 1988-1992. 265
20 'i - Foliage assimilation ~ 15 - NPP
'0 tL 10 Il. ~ 5 E u 0 ~ a.) Daily gross foliage photosynthesis and NPP 1988
1993 1993
1992 1992
1990 1991
b.) Daily respiration fluxes 1990
1991 b.) Daily foliage loss and turnover rates 1989
- Growth
- Foliage
. -. Fine Root 6 'i
0.3 '0 tL Il. 0.2
N I E ON 0.1
U (5 g 0 1988
1993 1992
1991 1990
1989 o 1988 'i - Foliage ~ . -.
Fine Root t 4 , . Il. Year Figure 4-10: The time-series of the total daily CO 2 and carbon fluxes simulated for wlcKenzie Flats site in the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge: a.) gross foliage assiluilation and Net Prinlary Productivity (NPP);
b.) respiration fluxes; and c.) turnover
and foliage loss. The flux rates are provided as the vegetated fraction scale quantities (PFT scale). The considered period is 1988-1992. 266
1993 1992
1991 a.) Mean daily moisture contents and transpiration factor ~r 0.8 0.6 I 0.4 1993 1992
1991 1990
1989 b.) Mean daily carbon content of canopy and fine root biomass - Foliage - Simulated . -. Fine Root - Simulated • Foliage - Observed ............ 1.\. I \ : .\.
-: . o 1988 50 200 ........ 150
N , E () 100 ~
Figure 4-11: The time-series of a.) the simulated mean daily relative soil 1110isture contents and transpiration factor (3T and b.) sirnulated and observed above ground carbon content in grass biolnass (note that a factor of 0.5 was applied to the data values in Table 4.3 to convert the measured dry biomass to approxilnate carbon contents) for McKenzie Flats
site in the Sevilleta National
Wildlife Refuge.
The density
is provided as the element scale quantity. The considered period
is 1988- 1992.
267 Figure 5-2:
Diffusion erosion
dOlni- nated landscape ("CX" domain) exhibiting longer hillslopes and lower drainage den- sity.
5.2.1 Terrain representation Figure
5-3: Fluvial
erOSIon dOlninated landscape ("CV" dOlnain)
exhibiting shorter
hillslopes and
higher drainage
density. The topographies of the two synthetic donlains used in this study were obtained using CHILD (the Channel-Hillslope Integrated Landscape Development) landscape evolu- tion model (Tucker et al., 2001). The following is a brief outline of the corresponding simulation methodology. Nlore details on the utilized approach can be found in Tucker and Bras (2000). For both topographies, the initial dOlnain represents a flat rectangular surface, which is subsequently seeded with random perturbations in elevation. An outlet of the domain is placed in the lower left (south-west) corner and has an elevation that is kept fixed throughout the sinlulation. A given landscape is uplifted at a rate of 2.5 . 10- 5 m yr- l , which represents a conservative value for fluvial landscapes. Each of the landscapes evolves under the action of two major erosion processes: slope dependent soil creep and runoff erosion. Soil creep is often observed in the absence of erosive runoff due to various soil disturbances such as freeze-thaw, rain-splash, bioturbation due to growth and death of vegetation, tree-throw, and soil animal activities. The
process of soil creep is usually represented by a linear sediment transport model 271
a.) Diffusion b.) Fluvial N Topography contours Contributing area lkm"'2] 0.001478 - 0.08365 0.08365 - 0.3216 • 0.3216 - 0.7868 • 0.7868 - 1.872 • 1.872 - 3.845 Shortwave irradiance [MJ I m"'2 year] LJ 3290 - 5274 r--1 5274 - 6134 D 6134-6697 ell 6697 - 7109 _7109-7400 _ 7400 -7683 _7683-7886 _ 7886 - 8124 200 0 200 Meters 1"""""1 Figure 5-5: Spatial distribution of the 50-year Dlean annual global shortwave ir- radiance
for the a.) ex dOlllain and b.) ev domain.
Note that the units of [1\1J m- 2 year-I] can be converted to [NIWh m-2 year-I] by dividing the corre- sponding irradiance values by 3600. 276
a.) Irradiance on slopes of different aspect ...
~ 8000
":' ... ,
~ . J" l' : I~ 7000 ~,.:.. .~. ~r.-".~~ -.~
'-'1-.. N .. I .. E 6000 .. " ....
, .... : .....
: ..... ""')
.. ~ ~ SOOO C III
:s ~ 4000
3000 0.464
1.S7 2.68
3.6 4.71
S.82 North
East South South West North
Aspect [rad from North] 0.8
0.7 ......0.6 'C ~O.S
8.0.4 o
0.3 0.2
"." '.,
. 0.:
i '0 .
'FI~t'ele~e~t r 3000 4000 SOOO
6000 7000
8000 Irradiance [MJ m- 2 year-
1 ] Figure 5-6: Simulated 50-year mean annual site shortwave irradiance relative to a.) six cardinal aspects and b.) site slope magnitude (the left-most curve corresponds to N-N-E and N-N- W aspects, the curve in the middle corresponds to E- W aspects, and the right-most curve is for S-S- E and S-S- W aspects). The lighter color denotes data points for the ev domain and the darker color corresponds to the data points for the ex domain. Fraction of direct beam radiation (annual) PAR fraction of annual irradiance 0.8 .
.~ ~~~~~~~Jj~'~ . 0.4 0.6 Slope [rad] 0.2 .
' .................................. . .
0.48 0.47S
o S 0.49S' ~ ~ 0.49 a: c:(
D.. 0.485
0.50S 0.5
. 0.8
0.4 0.6
Slope [rad] 0.2
0.55 o (a) Fraction of direct beam radiation (b) Fraction of PAR radiation Figure 5-7: Diagrams illustrating the mean estimated fraction of the total annual global irradiance for direct beam and PAR radiation components for slopes of various magnitudes and aspects. The data
points for both the ev and
ex domains
are combined. 277
SANDY soil
LOAMY soil
CLAYEY soil
~300 ~ c 290 o ~ 280 ::J
C 270
260 o o Flat element I ~..... : . 0.2 0.4
0.6 0.8
Slope [rad] ~300
~ c 290 o :; 280
:; C 270 260 o 0.2 0.4 0.6
0.8 Slope [rad] 310 ~300
~ c 290 o ~ 280 ::J C 270 0.2 0.4
0.6 0.8
Slope [rad] 260
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Irradiance [MJ m- 2 year-
1 ] 260 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Irradiance [MJ m- 2 year-
1 ] 310 ~300 ~ c 290 o :; 280 :; C 270 260 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Irradiance [MJ m- 2 year- 1 ] 310 . ~300
~ c 290 .2 E 280 ::J C 270 ..... ...
.. . ..
. .. 310 ~300 ~ c 290 .2 E 280 ::J
C 270
Figure 5-10: Mean simulated durations of growing season for the base case scenario for the three soil types used in the experiments, relative to slope n1agnitude and site n1ean annual surface irradiance. Note that the three curves in the upper plots correspond to slopes of different aspect: north-facing are at the top, east-west facing are in the n1iddle, and south-facing are at the botton1. 284
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