4404138.pdf [Levina Tatyana Borisovna]
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- LOAMY soil
- Month
- CV domain: a.) Mean annual cycle of transpiration
- FLAT domain a.) Mean annual cycle of vegetation fraction
- Mean annual cycle of root moisture factor
- .... ()o. __
- 76.64 - 80.33 _ 80.33 - 84.02 _ 84.02 - 87.71 200 0 200
CLAYEY soil 0.15
i'-:-- - Flat element ~ . -
ex domain
I. __ ev domain I : 0.1
..... J b.) LOAMY soil 0.3
0.4 0.5
8root I 8s o 0.1 '7- •.
0.15 ....
0.05 a.) SANDY soil 0.1 0.2
0.3 8root
I 8s 0.15 o :c Q, 0.1 " CI) ia '5 E en 0.05 Figure 5-11: The probability density function of the Inean daily spatially-lulnped root
soil water content (as
Broot/Bs for the first 30 cm of soil) estimated over the 50-year silnulation period for both the ex and ev domains:
a.) sandy soil; b.) loamy soil; c.) clayey soil. The data involve both growing and non-growing season periods. tion forcing Inay lead to two Inaxin1a in the steady-state probability density function of the surface soil 1110isture (top 10 em). Building on the analytical framework of Rodriguez-Iturbe et al. (1999a), D'Odorico et al. (2000) showed that bimodality of the growing season root soil Inoisture may elnerge under highly fluctuating cli-
Inate. D'Odorico et al. (2000) illustrated the sensitivity of the bimodality property
to various parameters of their model concluding that: "The bimodal character of the
probability distribution of the average soil moisture ... results from the non-linear dynan1ics operating in the system, arising primarily because of non-linearity of the
losses". Apparently, the simulated situation is analogous to the one addressed by D'Odorico et al. (2000), since it is the interplay between the various hydrology processes that leads to two preferential states in the system. It is necessary to note that bimodal- ity of the soil water content of the root zone is not present in soils of finer texture (Figure 5-11 b, 5-11c). In these soil types, as will be shown later, soil evaporation is the dominant water balance component. It is therefore plausible that the emergence of two distinct statistical modes for sandy soil is actively modulated by the vegeta- tion processes. On the other hand, bimodality does emerge for clayey soil when the probability density function is constructed for water content in the top 1 em of the 286
'ii' 30 l!! C1l '0 C ~ ~ 20
N I E "j .c 10 'E o E E oS FLAT domain: a.) Mean annual cycle of transpiration ... Sand
~ Loam
-V- Clay
12 11 -B- Sand ~ Loam -V- Clay
10 4 5 6 7 8 9 c.) Mean annual cycle of runoff 3 2
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 b.) Mean annual cycle of soil evaporation .....
Sand ~ Loam ..... - ...... '.- " .. -V- Clay
2 "j .c 'E o E E oS 0 1 'ii'
30 l!!
C1l '0 C ~ ~ 20
N IE 'ii' ~ 0.2
'0 c ~ E 0.15
Cl N IE 0.1 "j .c 'E ~ 0.05
E oS 12 11 ......
Sand ~ Loam -V- Clay
10 9 8 ... ' ' " : ~ ... 6 7 Month 5 4 ....... ........
.. . ... 3 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 d.) Mean annual cycle of capillary rise/drainage to/from the root zone "j .c
0 o E E oS -2 1 Figure 5-13: The mean annual cycles of components of the root zone water balance for the fiat domain: a.) transpiration; b.) soil evaporation; c.) runoff; d.) capillary rise / drainage to / from the root zone. Note that the fluxes are given in units of depth per unit actual ground surface area. 291
'ii 30 f!! III 'C c: :J ~ 20
N IE 'j ~ 10 . c o E E oS ex domain: a.) Mean annual cycle of transpiration -S-
Sand -e-
Loam ~ Clay 'ii ~ 0.2 'C c: :J e 0.15
Cl N I E 0.1
'j ~ c ~ 0.05 E oS 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -S- Sand
-e- Loam
~ Clay
11 12 12 11 10 9 8 6 7 Month 5 4 ....... ....
. ...
3 d.) Mean annual cycle of capillary rise/drainge tolfrom the root zone .....Sand -e- Loam
~ Clay
2 'j ~ c 0 o E E oS -2 1 Figure 5-14: The mean annual cycles of major components of the root zone water balance for the
domain:
a.) transpiration; b.) soil evaporation; c.) runoff; d.) capillary rise / drainage to / from the root zone. Note that the fluxes are estimated in units of depth per unit actual ground surface area. 292
CV domain: a.) Mean annual cycle of transpiration 'i;'
30 ~ IV "C c: ::J ~ 20 N I E 'j =E 10 - . o E E S -B-
Sand -e-
Loam -V-
Clay 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 . . ... . ... .... . . ...
. .. ... .. .
. . 12 11 .....Sand -e- Loam
-V- Clay
.....Sand -e-
Loam -V-
Clay 10 4 5 6 7 8 9
b.) Mean annual cycle of soil evaporation .. ......... .. . . . . 3 2 'i;' 30 ~ IV "C c: ::J ~ 20 N I E 'j .c: 'E o E E S 0 1 'i;'
aI ~ 0.2 "C c: ::J e 0.15
CI N IE 0.1 'j .c: 'E ~ 0.05
E S 12 11 -II-
Sand -e-
Loam -V-
Clay 10 9 8 6 7 Month 5 4 3 2 ......... ............ . . ...... 'j .c: 'E a o E E S -2 1 2 3 7 8 9 10 11 12 d.) Mean annual cycle of capillary rise/drainage to/from the root zone Figure 5-15: The mean annual cycles of major components of the root zone water balance for the CV domain:
a.) transpiration; b.)
soil evaporation; c.) runoff; d.) capillary rise / drainage to / from the root zone. Note that the fluxes are estimated in units of depth per unit actual ground surface area. 293
12 G..._--:..* ....... .
0.. . :,'/: ~ :
: : 'P' .. '/ .. ~ 'e'
< : . / : / . '" .. : : / ;; ,~ : : / / - " .: ~ :." .. . .".~~ , ::.::~- a.) Mean hourly spatial standard deviation of transpiration ...
04- Sand - CV -0- Loam - CV -v- Clay -
CV ...
Sand - CX -e-
Loam - CX -V-
Clay - CX 1lI- : .....
: : : : ~. ~: ~.~., : : . .. ~ : ": . . ~:."."'"
....... ~, . ~ .. , .. r ~';""
I!f' . ; '/ .:.. ''':'v~'.,. ~ : , " . : . ,.
~ . ....................... : ....
~ :.~
.... , , , ....
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 x 1 cJY.) Mean hourly spatial standard deviation of under-canopy soil evaporation ca 3 ~ CIS
'0 C g 2 C, N IE 1 ~ o 2 ~ E £ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x 10- 3 c.) Mean hourly spatial standard deviation of bare soil evaporation 12 12
10 9 8 6 7 Month 5 4 3 .... /: / .... ~ : : .. / .•..... .. - .. / ;: - - .. - -:..
-v- - ~ ; ." ""'0- - -0; .. , : . 2 I... :J o ~ E £0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 x 10- 3 d.) Mean hourly spatial standard deviation of capillary rise I drainage 2 ca
CIS '0 5 1.5 o C, N IE Figure 5-16: The mean annual cycle of hourly spatial standard deviation of moisture fluxes within the
ev and
ex domains:
a.) transpiration; b.) under-canopy soil evaporation; c.) bare soil evaporation; d.) capillary rise / drainage to / from the root zone. Note that the fluxes are estimated in units of depth per unit actual ground
surface area. 294
FLAT domain a.) Mean annual cycle of vegetation fraction 0.8
0.6 IOA
0.2 2 3 456 7 8 9 b.)
Mean annual cycle of ANPP 10 11 12 25 'ii ~ 20 'tl
5 15 o m ~ 10 E o S 5 ....
......... . . . -S-
Sand -e-
Loam -V-
Clay 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 IO. O. c.) Mean annual cycle of root moisture factor ...
Sand -e-
Loam -V-
Clay 0.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Month 8 9 10 11 12 Figure 5-17: The mean annual cycles of: a.) vegetation fraction; b.) Above-ground Net Primary Productivity (ANPP); c.) root moisture transpiration factor {3T for the fiat domain. 295
ex domain: a.) Mean annual cycle of vegetation fraction 0.8
0.6 IOA
0.2 .. ---s: 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
annual cycle of ANPP 25 .... Sand ftj'
~ 20 -e-
Loam "0 -V- Clay c: g 15 ............. c, (II
10 I E 0 5 S '" . 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 c.) Mean annual cycle of root mositure factor ... Sand -e- Loam -V- Clay IO. O. 0.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Month
Figure 5-18: The mean annual cycles of: a.) vegetation fraction; b.) Above-ground Net Primary Productivity (ANPP); c.) root moisture transpiration factor /3T for the ex domain. 296 CV domain: a.) Mean annual cycle of vegetation fraction 0.6
. 0.8
0.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 b.) Mean annual cycle of ANPP 10 11 12 ...
Sand -e-
Loam -V-
Clay 25 . 'ii ; 20 : : ' ' '.. '0 5 15 . e . en ~ 10 E ~ 5 : : :- 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 c.) Mean annual cycle of root moisture factor 0.8
1:0. -iii-
Sand -e-
Loam -V-
Clay 0.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Month 8 9 10 11 12 Figure 5-19: The mean annual cycles of: a.) vegetation fraction; b.) Above-ground Net Primary Productivity (ANPP); c.) root moisture transpiration factor {3T for the CV domain.
297 -~ " "v ....... ..;a~ ... ""0 .,-.",
. - :"":Q~ -
, ..... .... - ...... . " . ..,.
a.) Mean hourly spatial standard deviation of vegetation fraction -a. Sand - CV ~- Loam - CV -v- Clay -
CV -e-
Sand - CX ~ Loam-CX T- Clay -
CX 0.06
0.04 0.02
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0.015 'iii"
)t---a.... : ~ ...... 11l , : : .... , 'C 0.01 ........ ~. ."'- . -..:
c: .. ::J 0 ;:
__ ~ OJ '" ...:.; ....
.... C'I
I E 0.005
,- .
u ;
~ , 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
12
2 3 4 5 6 7 Month 8 9 10 11 12 Figure 5-20: The mean annual cycle of hourly spatial standard
deviation of: a.)
vegetation fraction; b.) Above-ground Net Primary Productivity (ANPP);
c.) root lnoisture transpiration factor
within the eVand ex domains.
298 a.) ex domain AN PP [g C I sq. m ground area] 50.8 - 54.49 54.49 - 58.18 58.18 - 61.87 61.87 - 65.56 65.56 - 69.26 69.26 - 72.95 72.95 - 76.64 _ 76.64 - 80.33 _ 80.33 - 84.02 _ 84.02 - 87.71 200 0 200 Meters r--_ I Figure
5-21: The mean annual Above-ground Net Primary Productivity (ANPP) simulated for C 4 grass on sandy soil type: a.) CX domain; b.) CV dOlnain. The units are given at the element scale and refer to the actual inclined ground surface area.
299 0.1 a.) SANDY soil 'iQ ~
'0 c: :::J o h Cl N I E E .s -0.05 a 0.2
0.4 0.6
0.8 Slope [rad] b.) LOAMY soil
0.1
'" . 0.05
-0.05 -.,
a 0.2
0.4 0.6
0.8 Slope [rad] c.) CLAYEY soil a .15 I~-;:::::::::==:::::::==~:;l I ~
Flat element I 0.05 ... -0.05 . a 0.2 0.4
0.6 0.8
Slope [rad] Figure
5-22: The nlean sirl1ulated net lateral exchange
in the root zone during a growing season for three considered soil types. Positive values imply moisture gain, while negative values inlply 11loisture loss. Before proceeding further, it is important to pre-determine if any of the processes of spatial interaction in the two domains are significant under the imposed hydromete- orological forcing and soil-topography characteristics. This should elucidate whether the dynamics in certain terrain locations can be considered as independent from those of the rest of the landscape. Since the subsurface lateral exchange in the unsaturated zone is the only form of spatial interaction between the elements allowed in the base case scenario, it would be relevant to evaluate the magnitude of the net subsurface flux in the systell1s during a growing season. It should be noted that the net flux does not provide information on how much moisture coming from upstream elements is used for transpiration. The net flux rather represents only an approximate measure
of the significance of lateral effects on vegetation dynamics. Figure 5-22 illustrates the 50-year Inean net flux in the grass root zone during a growing season for different slope 111agnitudes and soil types. As cOlllpared to the total amount of annual rainfall,
of the total net subsurface flux does not exceed 0.06% (for sandy soil). Consequently, it appears that under the imposed conditions of the base case scenario, the subsurface lateral
moisture exchange should not significantly af- fect the vegetation-hydrology dynamics. Therefore, it is appropriate for the following analysis to consider dynamics at the elenlent scale as spatially-independent. The local terrain
features, such as aspect and slope, are the key determinants of the overall dynamics at a given site. Discussion in the following will corroborate this statement. 300
SANDY soil
LOAMY soil
CLAYEY soil
250 E oS 200 I- W 150 4000
6000 8000
250 200
150 4000
6000 8000
250 200
150 4000
6000 8000
I 0 Flat element I .. E 2 oS 1.5
g 1 ..
:J a: 0.5 . 2.5
o 4000
6000 8000
2.5 2 1.5 . 0.5
o 4000
6000 8000
2.5 2 1.5 0.5 o 4000 6000 8000
E oS 0.2 ~ .. ~. ~FI~tilt. ~I.e.ment ': . ,~0.1 . ~ ' ~ 0 .. .) m -.c i ...
(j) -0.1
z 4000
6000 8000
Jrradiance [MJ m-
2 year-
1 ) 4000 6000 8000
Irradiance [MJ m-
2 year-
1 ) 4000 6000 8000
Irradiance [MJ m-
2 year-
1 ) 8000 6000 .4000
6 . 4 2 " . o .~ o -2 0.1
. 0.2
-0.1 8000
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