4404138.pdf [Levina Tatyana Borisovna]
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- Irradiance [MJ
- SANDY
- Mean duration of stress periods
- Mean moisture deficit
- Mean number of downcrossings N [I] Max ANPP
- Figure 5-34: The crossing properties of the root water content during
- Mean moisture deficit
- [day]
- Mean number of downcrossings
- Figure 5-36: The crossing properties of the root water content during vegetation season for clayey soil type: a.)
.. 6000
T 4000
6 4 2 o -2 o 0.1 0.2
-0.1 8000
6000 4000
E oS CIl ~ 4 c: 'iij -c Iii 0 (J t: -2 CIl
> Figure 5-27: The principal n1ean annual water balance components for grass root zone at the elernent scale for all soil types. Frorn the top - down: evapotranspiration (the surn of transpiration and soil and canopy evaporation), runoff, the net moisture exchange with deeper soil layers (drainage, if values are positive, or capillary rise, if values are negative), the net lateral exchange in the root zone (positive values imply rnoisture gain). The dashed curves are hypothetical and obtained by applying a factor of cos
(Xv to the evapotranspiration for a flat horizontal surface.
The units of depth refer to the actual inclined ground surface area. 308
SANDY soil E100
oS "~ 90
iV '5.
80 III
c: ca ~ 70 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
E oS 40 r-r---=~--'-~_-_-_~~_-_---'-~ --,-~-~
"~ CJ Flat element I ~ o 30 Lo •.~
~ ~ .. ,.: .. , o iii
lii10 '---~-~-~~-~--' ~ 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 ::>
E 100
oS 5 80 ~ &. 60 ca > CI) 40 '0 III ~ 20 .... ?rowing season lD 4000 6000 8000
Irradiance [MJ m- 2 year- 1 ] LOAMY soil 20 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
8000 E oS 40 c: .2 Iii &. 30 ca > CI) "g 20 ~ o iii
lii 10 ~ 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 ::> E
140 c: o :; 120 o a. ~ 100
CI) 'g 80 ~ ~ 60 4000 6000
8000 Irradiance [MJ m- 2 year- 1 ] CLAYEY soil 40 E oS 30 c: o ~20
'0. III
;10 t. o 3000 4000
5000 6000
7000 8000
E oS40
c: .2 Iii 030 a. ca > CI)
'g20 ~ o iii lii10
~ 3000
4000 5000
6000 7000
8000 ::>
E oS 180 c: o :; 160 o a. ~ 140 CI)
"g 120
~ ~ 100 4000 6000
8000 Irradiance [MJ m- 2 year- 1 ] Figure 5-28: The mean annual evapotranspiration fluxes for all soil types. From the top - down: vegetation transpiration, under-canopy, and bare soil evaporation Inois- ture fluxes (the elelnent scale). The "+" symbols indicate the location of nlaxinlum values. The units of depth refer to the actual inclined ground surface area. higher vegetation fraction occupied by grass within an element. Both of the latter vegetation characteristics effectively reduce the soil evaporation losses.
As can be observed in Figure 5-28, sites with Inaximum values of soil evaporation do not coin- cide with the terrain locations that feature maximuln transpiration. The Inaxilllulll bare soil evaporation is constantly associated with south-facing slopes that receIve the highest amount of solar radiation. The evapotranspiration fluxes shown in Figure 5-28 are detennined by both the site surface irradiance and precipitation, which are in turn defined by site slope and aspect. The corresponding distribution of evapotranspiration flux with slope is illus- 309
SANDY soil: ET LOAMY soil: ET CLAYEY soil: ET 250 200
150 100
_ 50 250 200 150
100 - - - -1- - - - - Bare soil evaporation 50 during growing season I- W o o 0.2
0.4 0.6
0.8 o o 0.2 0.4
0.6 0.8
o o 0.2 0.4 0.6
0.8 T ;: 0.6 . Tran~piratiori' . ~ 0.5 ,.' ....
)... .. EO.4~ '0 Bare soil evaporation: c: 0.3
\ .. ':'
.~ 0.2
U ~ 0.1 0.8 0.2
0.4 0.6
Slope [rad] 0.1
o o 0.6 0.5 0.4
-a- North-facing 0.6 -A- East-west-facing --e- South-facin 0.5
0.4 0.3
......... 0.2
......... 0.1
.... - , ... 0 0 0.2 0.4
0.6 0.8
Slope [rad] 0.8
0.2 0.4
0.6 Slope [rad] o o
The partition of the mean annual evapotranspiration flux according to slope 11lagnitude for all soil types. The top plots illustrate the mean relative composition of evapotranspiration flux for slopes of all aspects. The bottonl plots
show the fractional weights of evapotranspiration flux at sites of different aspects.
The units of depth refer to the actual inclined ground surface area. 311
w H N 5 0.115
0.12 0.125
0.13 0135
0 .•~ (a) SANDY soil w H
N 5 w H t305
0.31 N 5 0.315 032
0.325 0.33
0.335 II (b) LOA:NIY soil E E (c ) CLAYEY soil Figure 5-30: A pseudo-spatial diagram of the mean growing season root zone soil moisture shown as a two-din1ensional interpolated field in polar coordinates (all soil types): the distance from the central node represents site slope and the clock-wise angle defines site aspect from north (N-E-S-W). The data for both the ex and ev domains are combined. 313
N W E H S 0.115 0.12 0.125
0.13 0.135
$'8 (a) SANDY soil N N
E H S 0.305 0.31
0.315 0.32
0325 0.33
0.335 I • (b) LOANIY soil W E H S 0.59 0.595 0.6
0.605 0.61
• (c ) CLAYEY soil Figure 5-31: A pseudo-spatial diagraln of the mean growing season root zone soil moisture shown as a two-dimensional interpolated field in polar coordinates (all soil types): the distance froln the central node represents site slope and the clock-wise angle defines site aspect from north (N- E-S- W). The data for both the ex and
ev domains
are combined. The solid line outlines the region of relative favorability, where the mean growing season soililloisture of sloped sites is higher than that of a fiat horizontal site. The dashed line outlines two regions in which either the energy (the lower area) or rainfall reduction (the upper area) plays a more significant role in the overall dynanlics. 315
0.1 .. '0.305.' 0.31:. 0.315 .. :.0.32" 0'.325'
0.33. 0.335"
0.34' .. I: : [ o 3000 3500 4000
4500 5000
5500 6000
6500 7000
Irradlance [MJ m-2 year-I] 0.9
North" 0.6
0.7 0.6
'C f! ';' 0.5 c- o Iii .. iii 0.4 0.3
0.2 Root zone soil moisture content [-] . East .. 6500
Figure 5-32: An illustration of the procedure used to partition the pseudo-spatial diagram of the mean growing season root nloisture into regions where either rainfall or solar radiation dOlninates in their relative
contribution. Site slope is used as a proxy for rainfall since
R cos (Xv is the assulned precipitation projection on the terrain.
Starting at a point 0, corresponding to a site that exhibits the maxilnU111 mean soil moisture on a slope of a given aspect (either N-N-W or N-N-E), a path is constructed to a node P: the direction to P corresponds to an approximate equality
of the partial derivatives a~xot cos
X and
a~yot sin
X, where X is the site slope (Xv' y is the site global annual shortwave irradiance, and X is the angle between the path o
and
axis.
The path is selected by comparing the derivatives for all possible directions from the point 0 (illustrated as the dashed lines). Once the point
is found, a path PQ is constructed using the same methodology. 317
o Flat element -- Higher soil moisture - - - - - - Higher radiation - - - Equal contribution w N
Figure 5-33: A generic partition of the slope-aspect soil moisture diagram into the regions of characteristic integral effects of energy and water on site favorability for vegetation. The region
includes slopes and aspects that lead to conditions favorable for vegetation. The region B corresponds to the area where the incoming solar energy dOlninates the overall dynamics, which are unfavorable to vegetation outside of the boundaries of region
The region C corresponds to the area where precipitation dominates the overall dynamics, which are unfavorable to vegetation outside of the boundaries of region A. steep slopes, the line approaches the 8-8- E (8-8- W) direction (at the bottonl of the plot). As above, the boundary of B is illustrated as an artificially slnoothed curve. The region C corresponds to the slope-aspect combinations where the precipitation input dominates the overall vegetation-hydrology dynalnics. Outside of the upper half of the boundary of the region A, the rainfall reduction with slope is the nlajor reason for unfavorable conditions to vegetation. 5.3.2d Characterization of grass stress In order to have a better understanding of grass dynamics, which, as was shown, are controlled by the local terrain features, the characteristics of water stress need to be investigated. Quantities based on the crossing properties of the root water 319
a.) Mean duration of stress periods N b.) Mean duration of favorable periods N E E ~ MaxANPP o Max duration 28 s
Mean moisture deficit N
[day] 22 24 26 ijf#
w w E E MaxANPP
o Min duration @ Flat element 12 c.)
Mean number of downcrossings N
~ Max ANPP [-]
6- MaxANPP 7 8 9 10 0 Max number 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0 Min deficit I k"'ih ~ @ Flat element I ~1I @ Flat element Duration [day] 6 8 10 I ~rk4'~!!t4@II~ w w
5-34: The crossing properties of the root water content during vegetation season for sandy soil type: a.) the mean duration of stress periods !::::.T~;b.) the mean duration of favorable periods 6.Tc;; c.) the mean number of stress periods n~; d.) the mean hourly moisture deficit during stress periods !::::.M~. 323 a.) Mean duration of stress periods N b.) Mean duration of favorable periods N c.) Mean number of downcrossings N E E 6. MaxANPP
o Min deficit @ Flat element s 6 6. MaxANPP o Max duration (9 Flat element d.)
N
0.24 0.26
0.28 0.3
li_ Duration [day] 2 4 W" W E E 6. Max ANPP o Max number o Flat element 6. Max ANPP
o Min duration o Flat element s 150
5 6 234 [#] Duration [day] 50 100 I W W Figure 5-35: The crossing properties of the root water content during
vegetation season for loamy soil type: a.) the mean duration of stress periods
b.) the mean duration of favorable periods f:1T,; c.) the mean number of stress periods nf.; d.) the
mean hourly moisture deficit during stress periods f:1Mf.' 324
w a.) Mean duration of stress periods N E w b.)
Mean duration of favorable periods N E 60 80 100 120 140
~(0t;tI;t::~~'-' ;WI; .~
I Duration [day] s 6. MaxANPP o Min duration o Flat element Duration [day] S 6. MaxANPP 3 4 5 0 Max duration 11 0 Flat element w c.)
Mean number of downcrossings N E w d.)
Mean moisture deficit E
S [-]
S 6. MaxANPP 6. MaxANPP 2 3 4 5 6 0 Max number 0.2 0.22 0.24 0 Min deficit l~ CD Flat element WiJ @ Flat element Figure 5-36: The crossing properties of the root water content during vegetation season for clayey soil type: a.) the mean duration of stress periods t1Tf.; b.) the mean duration of favorable periods t1T,; c.) the mean number of stress periods nf.; d.) the mean hourly moisture deficit during stress periods t1Mf.. 325 SANDY soil 95 90 85 "'~80
I E 75
~ Q. 70 Q. Z
65 60
4000 5000
6000 7000
8000 Irradiance [MJ m- 2
(a) SANDY soil 60 55
N 45 I E 40 El Q. 35 Q. z <{ 30 25 20 LOAMY soil Base case o Max values 4000 5000
6000 7000
8000 Irradiance [MJ m- 2
1 ] (b) LOAl\IIY soil 45 40 35 N 30 I E 25 El Q. 20 Q. Z <{ 15 10 5 CLAYEY soil 4000
5000 6000
7000 8000
Irradiance [MJ m-
2 year-
1 ) (c ) CLAYEY soil Figure 6-2: The n1ean simulated Above-ground Net Primary Productivity for the
considered soil types for the scenario with modified projection of rainfall forcing (ac- counting for angle
a.) sandy soil; b.) loamy soil; and c.) clayey soil. The small black circles denote the data points for the base case scenario. The large white circles depict n1aximum ANPP for each considered scenario. 336
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