60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
anybody be able to understand anything you wrote?”
Good luck and best ideas! Acknowledgments. We deem it our pleasant duty to point out about 40 years of Sisyphus’ work on mathematical education performed by N. N. Konstantinov. Konstantinov was (and still is) one of the principal organizers of the specialized Moscow’s mathematical schools, instru- mental in arranging Moscow Olympiads and other mathematical contests (Tournament of Towns, etc.). He always was their soul. Acad. A. N. Kolmogorov, who always actively participated in organizing Moscow Mathematical Olympiads from their start till his death, did much for the book [GT] as its editor and scientific consultant. We use this opportunity to express our warmest gratitude to him. We are also obliged to all those who helped us in working on the book and preparing it for publication, and above all to V. V. Prasolov, V. M. Tikhomirov, N. B. Vasiliev, and A. M. Abramov, as well as A. P. Savin, S. M. Saakyan, A. L. Toom, E. A. Morozova, R. S. Cherkasov, and A. B. Khodulev. We are grateful to V. G. Boltiansky and I. M. Yaglom, and to A. A. Leman for their kind permission to use parts of their article about the book [YB] and borrow from [Le], respectively. G. Galperin and A. Tolpygo Moscow–Bielefeld; Moscow–Kiev 1985–93 ACADEMICIAN A. N. KOLMOGOROV’S FOREWORD TO [GT] 7 Academician A. N. Kolmogorov’s foreword to [GT] Our country needs many research mathematicians who are able to make discoveries in mathematics itself and to apply it in unusual ways that require great ingenuity. Usually, scientists who started to practice research-type activity while still at school were more successful later on. Many of them made serious discoveries when 17–19 years old. To postpone the involvement of young people in intense research is to irrevocably lose many of potentially very creative researchers. Addressing school students who are seriously thinking of becoming real mathematicians, I will tell them the following. Just as in sports, practice requires plenty of a young mathematician’s time. It will be profitable if you peruse this collection of problems on your own, choose a problem whose formulation seems interesting to you and start thinking it over without reading the solution. Do not be afraid that you may waste many, many hours doing that. In this respect I recall the words of Boris Nikolaevich Delon´e, one of the most remarkable Russian mathematician, who said that a great scientific discovery in mathematics differs from a tough Olympiad problem only in that the problem takes 5 hours to solve while an important research consumes 5 000 hours. Delon´e liked to exaggerate; do not take these “5 000 hours” too literally. But it is typical of a mathematician who attacks a difficult problem to be able to ponder over it for days. If a problem proves a hard nut to crack it is reasonable to try another one. But it is also good to turn back to the first one after a while. It is sometimes useful even for mature mathematicians to put off a difficult problem for some time. It often happens that a solution suddenly emerges from the subconscious after a period of time. It is only natural that one is delighted and even proud of his/her success at an Olympiad. But failure should not upset you too much or make you disappointed in your abilities in mathematics. The success at an Olympiad requires certain special talents which are not at all necessary for a successful research. The very fact of strict limitation of time allotted for solving problems during an Olympiad makes many people quite helpless. There are, however, mathematical problems whose solution can only be obtained as a result of a very long and calm contemplation and after moulding new concepts. Many problems of this kind were solved by Pavel Sergeevich Alexandrov who used to say that if there were mathematical olympiads in his time he may have never become a mathematician since his main accomplishments in mathematics resulted from a long and deep contemplation rather than a fast-working smartness. I hope that our collection of problems will be of great help for all instructors of math clubs and for the organizers of local olympiads. I wish to make two comments for them. The Moscow Mathematical Olympiads were originally addressed to 9–10 graders. Since 1940, however, 7-th and 8-th graders were also invited. I think this choice of age group is quite justified. It is at this age that the knack for mathematics becomes manifest. Certainly, one can organize olympiads for younger kids but one has to bear in mind that most of the boys and girls who distinguished themselves in problem-solving contests in 5–6 grades lose their special capabilities and even interest in mathematics as they grow up 1 . When organizing an olympiad for a particular group of students, it is very important to correctly estimate in advance the complexity of the problems to be offered. These should be planned so that the most capable participants could solve most of the problems but there should not be too many participants who failed to solve at least one problem. Some information about the problems which, unexpectedly, proved to be too difficult in practice can be found in reports on Olympiads published in the magazines Matematika v shkole and Kvant 2 . Regrettably, the level of difficulty was not always correct at some of Moscow Mathematical Olympiads. The content of the problem usually was, nevertheless, up to very high standards. In Historical remarks the authors describe in detail the great experience of Moscow Mathematical Olympiads and how the process of devising olympiad-type problems went hand-in-hand with the work of mathematical clubs under the Moscow University’s egid. The joint efforts of the leaders of the University’s math circles in a great and outstanding job. It resulted in a book you are going to read now. The job of the compilers, G. A. Galperin and A. C. Tolpygo, is wonderful and deserves deep gratitude. 1 This argument seems doubtful; more serious troubles are (a) the strain and stress of an Olympiad which is the real danger for students at the early age and (b) the difficulty for the organizers to devise reasonably tough and more or less meaningful problems at the level needed. 2 It is a very good mathematical magazin and during its first 20 years it was a REMARKABLY GOOD magazin. Now a very close version to the Russian original is published in English as Quantum. 8 FORWORDS |
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