60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
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Given β < α < 180 ◦ , prove that after a finite number of such operations (the beginning of the first and the second operations are shown on Fig. 67) every point of the pie will return to its initial place. 31.2.8.4. Consider a paper scroll of bus tickets numbered 000 000 to 999 999. The tickets with the sum of the digits in the even places equal to the sum of the digits in the odd places are marked blue. What is the greatest difference between the numbers on two consequitive blue tickets? 31.2.8.5. The land Farra lies on 1 000 000 000 islands. Boats ply the routes between certain islands every day. Boat routes are organized so that one can get to any island from any other island (it could take a few days). The timetable allows a spy and Major Pronin 1 only one passage per day and there is no other way to get from one island to another except via regular boats. The spy never boards a boat on the 13-th of a month, but Major Pronin is not superstitious and, besides, informers always tell Major Pronin where the spy is. According to the Rule Major Pronin catches the spy if they are both on the same island. Prove that Major Pronin will catch the spy. Grade 9 31.2.9.1. Consider a regular pentagon A 1 A 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 on a plane. Is there a set of points on a plane with the following property: through any point outside the pentagon it is possible to draw a segment whose endpoints belong to the set and it is impossible to do so through points inside the pentagon. 31.2.9.2. We mark point O 1 on a unit circle and, using O 1 as the center, we mark (by means of a compass) we mark point O 2 on the circle (clockwise starting with O 1 ). Using point O 2 as a new center, we repeat the procedure in the same direction with the same radius; and so on. After we had marked point O 1968 a circle is cut through each mark so we get 1968 arcs. How many different arc lengths can we thus procure? 1 A notorious hero of Soviet spycatchers. OLYMPIAD 32 (1969) 91 31.2.9.3. The following game with chess pieces is played. Two kings stand in the opposite corners of the chessboard: the white king on square a1, the black king on square h8. Players move in turns (a white begins). A player may move his/her king to any adjacent square, if it is vacant, according to the following Rule: Theleast number of king’s moves needed to get from one square to another is called the distance between the squares; thus, at the beginning of the game the distance between the kings was 7 moves. It is not allowed to increase the distance between the kings. To win is to get one’s king to the opposite side of the chessboard (the white king to the vertical h or the eighth horizontal, the black king to the vertical a or the first horizontal). How should one play to win? Who wins if plays optimally? 31.2.9.4. Prove that if a n − b n .. . n, where a, b, n are positive integers, a 6= b, then a n −b n a−b .. . n. 31.2.9.5*. Let N be a positive integer. We perform with N the following operation: we write every digit of N on a separate card (we may also add, or strike out, any number of cards on which a digit 0 is written), and then divide these cards into two piles. In each pile, we arbitrarily arrange the cards in a row and let N 1 be the sum of the two numbers obtained by reading these rows of digits. We perform the same operation with N 1 , and so on. Prove that it is possible to obtain a one-digit number in ≤ 15 steps. Grade 10 31.2.10.1. It is known that moving a unit segment of length 1 as a solid rod inside a convex polygon M we can turn the segment by any angle. Prove that a disk of radius 1 3 can be placed inside M . 31.2.10.2. Some numbers are written in a 10 × 10 table A. Denote the sum of the numbers in the first row by s 1 , the sum of the numbers in the second row by s 2 , and so on. Similarly, the sum of the numbers in the first column is denoted by t 1 , in the second column by t 2 , and so on. A new 10 × 10 table B is filled in by the following Rule: the lesser of the numbers s i and t j is written in the j-th square of the i-th row. It turns out that one can index the squares of table B from 1 to 100 so that the number in the k-th square is ≤ k. What is the greatest possible value of the sum of all the numbers in table A? 31.2.10.3. Prove that for some k the system x 1 + x 2 + · · · + x k = 0, x 3 1 + x 3 2 + · · · + x 3 k = 0, x 5 1 + x 5 2 + · · · + x 5 k = 0, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x 17 1 + x 17 2 + · · · + x 17 k = 0, x 19 1 + x 19 2 + · · · + x 19 k = 0, x 21 1 + x 21 2 + · · · + x 21 k = 1, has a real solution. 31.2.10.4. An equilateral triangle ABC is divided into N convex polygons so that any straight line intersects not more than 40 of them. (A line intersects a polygon if the line and the polygon have a common point, for example, a vertex of the polygon.) Can N be greater than one million? 31.2.10.5. On the surface of a cube 100 distinct points are marked with chalk. Prove that it is possible to place the cube onto the same place of a black desk in two ways so that the chalk imprints on the desk would be different. (We assume that a marked point on an edge or vertex of the cube also leaves an imprint.) Olympiad 32 (1969) Tour 32.1 Grade 7 32.1.7.1. A white rook is chasing a black bishop across a 3 × 1969 chessboard (they move in turns according to common rules). How should the rook play to jump the bishop if the white makes the first move? (Cf. Problem 32.1.8.3.) 32.1.7.2. Once upon a time a castle was fortified with a triangular wall. Every side of the triangle was trisected and towers E, F , K, L, M , N (listed here as we tour the wall clockwise) were built at the points of trisection and in addition to towers at the vertices A, B, C of the triangle. Since then all the walls and towers, except towers E, K, M , perished. How to recover the location of towers A, B, C from the remaining towers? 92 MOSCOW MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIADS 1 – 59 32.1.7.3. An international soccer tournament took place in Chile in February. The home team “Colo- Colo” won the first place with 8 points. “Dynamo” Moscow was second with 1 point less. A Brazilian team “Corinthians” was the third with 4 points. The fourth was a Yugoslavian team, “Crvena Zvezda”, also with four points. Prove that from these data it is possible to exactly reconstruct how many other teams Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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