60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
the midline is equal to a half the third side of the triangle (a half sum of the base and the upper side of the
trapezoid). The diameter of a set in space (plane, line) is the maximum (more exactly, the least upper bound) of distances between every pair of its points. A figure is called convex if together with any pair of its points it contains the segment that connects them. The convex hull of a set is the figure formed by segments that connect every pair of points of the given set. Any polygon is assumed to be non-selfintersecting and convex unless otherwise specified. For a triangle ABC with sides a, b, c opposite angles A, B, C, respectively, the height, the bisector and the median dropped from the vertex with angle A onto side a (or its continuation) is denoted by h a , l a and m a . Similar notations are used for the other angles. We often denote by r and R the (length of the) radii of the inscribed and the circumscribed circles, respectively. The inner and the outer tangents to two circles on the plane are those of the form plotted on Fig. 2 and denoted by t in and t out , respectively. The orthocenter of a triangle is the intersection point of the triangle’s hights. The law of sines: a sin A = b sin B = c sin C = 2R. The law of cosines: c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C. We will often denote the area of a polygon P by S P . PREREQUISITES AND NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS 17 Formulas for calculating the area of a triangle ABC: S ABC = 12ah a = 12ab sin C = p p(p − a)(p − b)(p − c), where p = 1 2 (a + b + c) (often denoted by s) is the semiperimeter. The last formula (with the square root) is called Heron’s formula. Thales’ theorem. On the legs of an angle parallel straight lines intercept the segments whose lengths satisfy: a : b : c = a 0 : b 0 : c 0 , cf. Fig. 3. Figure 3. (N3) Figure 4. (N4) Theorem on medians. The three medians of a triangle meet at one point. This point divides every median into two segments with the ratio of their lengths 2 : 1 (counting from the corresponding vertex). Theorem on bisectors. All three bisectors of a triangle meet at one point — the center of the inscribed circle. Theorem on a bisector. The bisector of the internal angle C of a triangle ABC divides the opposite side c into segments a 0 and b 0 , adjacent to the sides a and b, respectively, so that a 0 : b 0 = a : b. Theorem on midperpendiculars. The three midperpendiculars of a triangle meet at one point — the center of the circumscribed circle. Theorem on heights. The three heights of a triangle meet at one point — the center of the cir- cumscribed circle for the triangle on whose sides lie the vertices A, B, C and which are parallel to the corresponding sides of 4ABC, see Fig. 4. The intersection point of heights is called the orthocenter of Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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