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2.Works and significance of Sir Thomas More in literature
More combined his intensive political career with writing and science, which earned him a significant reputation as a Christian humanist in continental Europe. His friend Erasmus of Rotterdam dedicated his masterpiece "To the Glory of Madness" to him. (Even the title of Erasmus's book is partly a play on the name of the plague, the word "stupidity" in Greek means "moria".) In his correspondence with other European humanists, Erasmus also called More an exemplary writer. The humanistic project, supported by Erasmus and Thomas More, sought to revise and revive Christian theology by studying the Bible and the works of the church fathers in the light of the classical Greek tradition in literature and philosophy. More and Erasmus collaborated on a Latin translation of the works of Lucian, which was published in Paris in 1506.
His other works in Latin and English include a translation of the Life of John Picus, Count of Mirandula (1510); The Story of Richard III, on which William Shakespeare based his play; a series of polemical treatises against Lutherans (1528-1533); religious works, including the Dialogue of Consolation against Sorrow (1534) and a treatise on the Passions (1534); poems, reflections and prayers.
The story of King Richard III
Between 1513 and 1518, More worked on the unfinished History of King Richard III, which greatly influenced William Shakespeare's play Richard III. The works of More and Shakespeare are controversial among modern historians because of their extremely unflattering portrayal of the English king Richard III. The bias is at least partly due to the authors' devotion to the ruling Tudor dynasty, which took the throne from Richard at the end of the Wars of the Roses. However, little mention is made of King Henry VII, the first Tudor king, in More's work, perhaps because More accused Henry of persecuting his father, Sir John More. Some commentators have interpreted More's work as an attack on royal tyranny rather than on Richard himself or the House of York.
Utopia
In 1515, More wrote his most famous and controversial work Utopia, in which the fictional traveler Raphael Hatley (whose surname means "distributor of nonsense" in Greek) describes the political structure of an imaginary island-state utopia (a play in Greek ou-topos, which means "no place", and eu-topos, which means "good place"). In the book, More contrasts the contradictory social life of European states with the perfectly ordered and reasonable social structure of utopia, in which there is no private property and almost complete religious tolerance is practiced.Utopia was started when More was sent to Flanders in May 1515. More began by writing an introduction and a description of the company, which was to be the second half of the work, and after returning to England he wrote the lawyer's Dialogue, which completed the work in 1516. After More's improvements, it was printed in Basel in November 1518. It was not until 1551, 16 years after More's execution, that it was first published in England in an English translation by Ralph Robinson. Gilbert Burnet's 1684 translation is probably the most frequently cited version.Utopia is largely based on Plato's republic. The values of equality and pacifism are at the forefront, although all utopian citizens are ready to fight if necessary. All the vices of society, such as poverty and hardship, have been eliminated, and some laws are so simple that everyone can understand and follow them._
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⁵ Paperback edition by Kessinger Publishing, LLC (26 May 2006) with ISBN 1-4286-1904-6, ISBN 978-1-4286-1904-3.
Society promotes tolerance for all religions, but not for atheism, because people believe that a person should be afraid of a god, otherwise he will act evil and his society will weaken.
More could have chosen the literary means of describing an imaginary nation, first of all, as a means of free discussion of controversial political issues. His own attitude to the arrangements he describes in the book is the subject of much controversy. Although it seems unlikely that the devout Catholic More conceived his pagan communal utopia as a concrete model of political reforms, some suggest that More built his utopia on monastic communalism, similar to the biblical communalism described in the Acts of the Apostles.
The original edition contained details of a symmetrical alphabet of More's own invention, which was called the "utopian alphabet". This alphabet was omitted in later editions, although it remains notable as an early attempt at cryptography, which may have influenced the development of shorthand.
In the play "Sir Thomas More" of 1592, probably written in collaboration with Henry Chettle, Anthony Munday, William Shakespeare and others, which was preserved only in fragmentary form after being censored by Edmund Tilney, the master of festive meals in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, More was depicted as a wise and honest statesman. Any direct reference to an act of superiority was excluded by censorship. This play also reflects his modern reputation among the inhabitants of London as a folk hero.
The Roman Catholic Writer G. K. Chesterton called More the "greatest historical figure in English history".
The Roman Catholic science fiction writer R. A. Lafferty wrote his novel "The Lord of the Past" as a modern equivalent to More's utopia, which he considered satire. In this novel, in 2535, Thomas More is taken back to the time when he becomes the king of the future world of the "Astrobe,", but only to be beheaded after reigning for only nine days. One of the characters of the novel is more advantageously different from almost any other great historical figure: "He had an absolutely honest moment in the end. I can't remember anyone who has ever had one like this."
At the beginning of the twentieth century, Robert Bolt depicted More in his play "A Man for All Time" as an absolute man of conscience. This name comes from Robert Whittington, who wrote about it in 1520.In 1966, a successful film by Fred Zinnemann, adapted for the screen by the playwright himself, was shot with Paul Schofield in the lead role in an Oscar-nominated play. The film received an Oscar for the best picture of that year.Karl Zuchardt wrote the novel "Stirb Du Narr"! ("Die, you fool!"), about the struggle of More against King Henry, who depicts More as an idealist, doomed to failure in the struggle for power with a ruthless ruler and an unjust world.