Accounting for Managers
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Accounting for Managers
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- Other Management Accounting Systems 161 Volatile
Accounting for Managers
160 Webster08.qxd 8/29/2003 5:52 PM Page 160 tions include the nature of the costs. Are these discrete, hidden, contingent, or image costs? Once the nature of the costs are understood, some environ- mental costs can be significantly reduced or eliminated as a result of business decisions. Environmental costs, say disposing of waste raw material, may bring added costs but provide no added value to a process, a system, or a product. Environmental costs may also be obscured in gen- Other Management Accounting Systems 161 Volatile Remediation costs are typically included in nonmanufac- turing overhead. Some of these costs are capital; other costs involve permits, monitoring, regulatory, and maintenance activi- ties. Remediation costs are distinguished from manufacturing costs in accounting methodology.Yet, remediation activities directly compete for financial and human resources with production as well as proactive environmental programs, such as pollution prevention. Remediation is consequently related to production decisions through the budgeting process.Thus, inefficient remediation decisions can translate into ineffi- cient production and business decisions. Remediation costs must be properly accounted for and integrated with other costing systems. Once environmental risks have been identified, the auditor must check for compliance with accounting standards. Several rules govern- ing environmental disclosures have been developed in recent years. The Environmental Protection Agency has identified thousands of contaminated sites in the U.S. Laws now require responsible parties to pay to clean up their past contamination, which is often expensive. In response to consumer interests and regulatory enforcement, some cor- porations have had to change their ways of doing things. Some firms have had to learn to recycle, limit waste output (air pollution, water pol- lution, soil pollution), and, most importantly, follow their hazardous products from creation to final disposal. Consequently, for many organi- zations, significant risks surround environmental issues.As penalties have increased for poor environmental choices, many companies are paying closer attention to regulations, often going beyond what is required. In addition, guidance on accounting for several of these items is shift- ing as regulatory bodies clarify their thinking on these issues. If you run into a situation requiring the application of environmental cost data, check for the latest information on how to handle the situation. Webster08.qxd 8/29/2003 5:52 PM Page 161 eral overhead accounts and overlooked during the decision- making process. At least that has been the general experience to date. Understanding these costs can lead to more accurate costing and pricing of products. In addition, a competitive advantage with customers may be possible when you have environmentally preferable processes and products. The major challenge in using FCA as a management tool is identifying relevant costs. The types of environmental costs may be described as conventional, potentially hidden, contin- gent, and image. Conventional costs would cover things like material, sup- plies, structures, and capital costs. These areas need to be examined for environmental impact on decisions. The potentially hidden costs can be some of the trickiest to tease out. Regulatory costs, the fees, licenses, reporting, and mandated training are usually straightforward. The major risk here is that some of the growing regulatory requirements will be overlooked. The major unknown is how high-remediation clean- up costs might go. With experience, the up-front and back-end costs for things like site prep, engineering, installation, closure, and disposal will become easier to estimate. Similarly, voluntary costs related to training, audits, monitoring, and reporting will become clearer. The contingent costs of penalties/fines have generally pub- lished ranges. However, there are some potentially crushing fines that would sink any company were the full weight of the law applied. The value and liability of any property would have to be assessed in light of environmental impact. Legal fees to defend or protect against claims have a tendency to be somewhat open- ended. Additionally, contingency factors may require adjustment using the probabilities of environmental incidents, such as spills. Image costs would apply to developing and explaining your environmental positions with employees, customers, suppliers, regulators, and shareholders. These would be somewhat like advertising and market costs, since it is largely a communica- tions process. Download 3.03 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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