Accounting for Managers
Other Management Accounting Systems
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Accounting for Managers
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Other Management Accounting Systems
169 Webster08.qxd 8/29/2003 5:52 PM Page 169 170 9 S ince unequal and arbitrary tax policies played a large role in starting the American Revolution, it is no surprise that tax issues still dominate the national discussion. Solutions range from state ownership of all resources and income to no taxes at all. The search for appropriate levels of taxation and its handmaiden, regulation, will continue to energize our politi- cal discussion. For 140 years, federal government financing came mostly through excise and customs taxes. In 1861, an income tax raised funds to finance the Civil War. Hostile voters demanded repeal at the war’s end. Federal financing needs continued to increase. An income tax law passed in 1894 was ruled unconstitutional. In 1909, Congress passed a federal corporate income tax into law. Challenges to that law, combined with rising sentiment for pro- gressive federal action in several areas, led to the ratification of the 16th Amendment in 1913. That amendment sanctioned both federal individual and corporate income taxes. Taxation Webster09.qxd 8/29/2003 5:53 PM Page 170 Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. Taxation 171 As voters demanded more services, creative legislators at both the federal and state levels sought new ways to raise money. The number and kind of taxes exploded. The types of taxes affecting business are now taxes on income, employment, transactions, property, environmental, and excise, to name the major categories. Although it may not be quite as bad as the situation described by Beatle George Harrison in “Taxman”—“If you take a walk, I’ll tax your feet”—managers in any business know the impact of taxes. Adam Smith named four criteria to evaluate the effective- ness of a tax structure. Is the tax borne equally? Is it convenient to collect? Is it a certainty that the tax must be paid? Does the tax harm the overall economy? Tax legislators, administrators, and voters struggle to get this right. The first consideration is the tax base, the pool of money from which buckets of tax will be collected. Will it be an entire population, businesses in certain industries, or anyone whose name starts with “T”? The next question is to determine the tax rate, that is, how big a bucket will you use? Will the tax be pro- gressive, like an income tax with graduated rates rising higher with incomes, or regressive, like a sales tax, where all pay the Download 3.03 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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