Accounting for Managers
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Accounting for Managers
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- Taxation 179 Business Bad Debt
Accounting for Managers
178 Webster09.qxd 8/29/2003 5:53 PM Page 178 expense does not represent a new capital investment. The method of accounting affects when deductions are taken. With cash accounting, expenses are deductible only when paid. With accrual accounting, expenses are deductible when the obligation is incurred. The IRS code does have some specific restrictions, but even within those restrictions, some discretion is allowed. In general, an expense will be disallowed if it is incurred in an act contrary to public policy. This means payments of penalties, fines, illegal bribes, or kickbacks. If you are running an illegal business, you can claim expenses just as if the business were legal, unless you are trafficking in controlled substances. In that case, only the cost of goods sold is a deductible business expense. Fines and bribes would still not be deductible. (An exception to this might be parking tickets: even legitimate businesses can claim a deduction if they can show that tickets are a regular occurrence and thus an ordinary expense in their business.) The requirement for illegal businesses to file and pay tax on income is what permits subsequent prosecution for tax evasion. Few illegal businesses file regularly. Taxation 179 Business Bad Debt A bad debt deduction is often misapplied. In general, the bad debt must be specifically identified. Some financial institu- tions can establish a reserve account and use the reserve method. Accrual method accounting permits an allowance for doubtful accounts to estimate bad debt losses.The cash basis business does not have bad debt deduction for unpaid receivables, because no cash has changed hands. Deduct the bad debt as an ordinary loss in the year when debt is partially or wholly worthless. For example,Tom, accrual method, sells inventory on account for $1,500. Buyer pays $150 down and makes no other payments.Tom has a $1,350 bad debt tax deduction, because he reports $1,500 in income. Teresa, cash method, performs legal services for $1,500. Client pays $150 down and makes no other payments.Teresa has no bad debt tax deduction, since only $150 changed hands. She reports the $150 in income and pursues satisfaction in small claims court. Webster09.qxd 8/29/2003 5:53 PM Page 179 Expenses for lobbying and political purposes generally do not meet the deductibility test. There are exceptions for lobby- ing to influence local legislation and to monitor legislation; those contributions are specifically permitted by law. Download 3.03 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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