Accounting: the expanded

Table of Contents
Abstract	ii
Acknowledgements	iv
Table of Contents	vi
Chapter One:
Introduction	1
Background	1
Rationale for the Study	3
Purpose of the Study and Research Questions	4
Research Design and Methodology	5
Rationale for Case Selection	6
Data Collection	8
Organization of the Dissertation	11
Chapter Two:
Literature Review and Conceptual Debates	13
Introduction	13
Approaches to Accounting	15
Progressive Mainstream Accounting: The Value Added Statement	19
Social Accounting Models	22
Integrated Social Accounting: Two Waves	22
The First Wave of Integrated Social Accounting	23
The Second Wave of Integrated Social Accounting	28
Accounting Education	35

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Adoption of Alternative Accounting Models 38
Rationale for an Expanded Value Added Approach 40
The Expanded Value Added Model 41

Chapter Three: Case #1 45

The Value of Volunteering for a Non-profit Membership Association: The Case of ARNOVA

Abstract 45
Introduction 45
Organization: Choice and Background 47
Data Collection: The ARNOVA Survey 49
Findings: Volunteers at ARNOVA 50
ARNOVA: Value Added by Volunteers 51
Expanded Value Added Statement (EVAS): Introducing the Model 52
Estimating the Value Added by Volunteers in ARNOVA 54
Distribution of Value Added 61
Summary of the Expanded Value Added Statement (EVAS) 62
Additional Observations 64
Discussion of Findings 67

Chapter Four: Case #2 71

Integrating and Reporting an Organization’s Economic, Social and Environmental Performance: The Expanded Value Added Statement

Abstract 71
Introduction 71
vii
The Main Assumption: Accounting as a Change Agent 72
Social Accounting 74
The Expanded Value Added Statement 76
Sustainable Building Example 78
Income Statement 83
The Expanded Value Added Statement (EVAS) 85
Value of Outputs 86
Subtracting External Purchases 87
Value Added 89
Ratio of Value Added to Purchases 89
Distribution of Value Added 90
Employees 90
Customers 90
Society 90
Organization 91
Summary of EVAS 91
Discussion 92

Chapter Five: Case #3 94

Social Accounting and Reporting for Economically Targeted Investments: The Expanded Value Added Statement

Introduction 94
Economically Targeted Investments and Fiduciary Responsibility 95
An Introduction to Social Accounting 99
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The Expanded Value Added Model	101
An Economically Targeted Investment: Collingwood Village	106
Neighbourhood Amenities	111
Collingwood Community Neighbourhood House	111
Collingwood Community Policing Centre	107
Case Example: Community Village	112
Construction	114
Operations	114
Rental Management	114
Condominium Management	115
Community Centre	116
Community Policing Centre	116
Taxation	117
Statement of Operations	117
Value Added Statement	119
Identifying Social and Environmental Impacts	120
Transit-oriented Development	121
Active Lifestyle	124
Crime Prevention	125
Impact of Purchasing Decisions	126
Putting it All Together	128
Discussion	129

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Chapter Six:

Comparative Cross-case Analysis, Recommendations and Conclusions
132

Revisiting the Research Questions 132
Question One: The EVAS in the Accounting Context 133
Question Two: Comparing the Three Cases 134
Common Elements across the Case Studies 136
Varying Elements across the Case Studies 137
Redefining Wealth: Items Included
Recommendations for Accounting Education and Policy 143
Recommendations for Further Research 145
Epilogue: The Model in Use 146
Conclusions and Limitations 148
References 151
Appendix A: Valuation Methods 174
List of Tables
Table 2.1 The Value Added Statement 20
Table 2.2 The Expanded Value Added Statement in the Context of 24
Integrated Social Accounting
Table 2.3 Elements of the Expanded Value Added Statement 42
Table 3.1 Calculation of Volunteer Non-reimbursed Out-of-pocket 57
Expenses
x

Table 3.2 Expanded Value Added Statement for ARNOVA 59
Table 3.3 Reconciliation of Expenditures on Audited Financial 61
Statements to Purchases of External Goods and Services on Value Added
Statement
Table 4.1 Financial Benefits of Green Buildings (per ft² ) 81
Table 4.2 Income Statement 83
Table 4.3 Financial Benefits of SBC Project A (17, 500 ft²/1625.75 m²⁾ 84
Table 4.4 Expanded Value Added Statement – Sustainable Building Co. 88
(SBC)
Table 5.1 Rates of Return, Mortgage Fund One, 1995-2004 (%) 109
Table 5.2 Breakdown by Percentage of Expenses of Rental Buildings 115
Table 5.3 Breakdown by Percentage of Expenses of Condominiums 116
Table 5.4 Statement of Operations 118

Table 5.5 Value Added Statement for Community Village, for the Ten Years Ending December 31, 2004
120

Table 5.6: Transportation Cost Factors (in 1996 US dollars) 122

Table 5.7 Average Cost of Property Crime to Victims, by Type of Crime (1996$)
125

Table 5.8 Comparison of ENERGY STAR and Non-ENERGY STAR 127
Table 5.9 Expanded Value Added Statement for Community Village 130
Table 6.1 Summary of Expanding the Boundaries Common to all Cases 138
Table 6.2 Summary of Expanding the Boundaries Specific to each Case 140-41

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