Actual problems of modern science, education and training

Literature review: Snell-Hornby has rightfully contended that the concept of culture as a totality of knowledge, proficiency and perception is fundamental in our approach to translation. If language is an integral part of culture, the translator needs not only proficiency in two languages, he must also be at home in two cultures. In other words, he must be bilingual and bicultural. [4]
Translation is regarded as a process which offers studying cultural interaction. Translators and translations play an important role in shaping deeper understanding between cultures.
As Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday mentioned, there are two methods of translating the texts which describe culture of the source language into the target one.
[5] They are direct (literal) translation and oblique translation.
Direct translation procedure occurs when a target text is produced directly from the original source text. [6] Direct translation relies on such devices as introductions, notes or glossaries. They provide the full understanding of the source text.
Texts, which are considered as the products of the historical and social structure of a particular culture, are very difficult to translate. In some cases, it is impossible to translate them. Most of their examples are the texts which the target culture has no need. That means the texts have no counterparts in the other culture. In these cases, the textual situations are incompatible. The target text must be an oblique rendering of the
source here. And oblique translation method is used here. According to Vinay & Darbelnet, a term ‘oblique translation method’ is used to refer to various types of translation procedure designed to cope with situations where, because of structural or conceptual differences between ST and TT, some stylistic effects cannot be rendered satisfactorily without disturbing the syntactic or lexical order of the text. [7]
Research methodology: In some translation tasks translator can transpose the message of the source language into the target language element by element. But it maybe also possible that translators may also notice the gaps, or ‘lacunae’ while translating, mainly the culture of the source message. So, lacuna always occurs in places where a word of source language cannot find an appropriate or exact alternative one in the target language. In the dictionary of Translation Studies a lacuna is called ‘Voids or semantic voids, or lacunes (French), or blank spaces or gaps’ and defined by Dagut as the “non-existence in one language of a one-word equivalent for a designatory term found in another.’ [8]
Voids are found only at word level. Because larger source language units may always be expressed in target language. Dagut identifies four types of void. The first one is environmental voids. They arise from the untranslatability of natural phenomena. And they translate into the target language through transcription. Such transcribed forms are frequently accepted into TL as new words. Example can be Russian tundra. The second type is cultural void. Dagut divided it into the religious and the secular voids. English cream tea and Russian samovar all frequently give rise to voids of this type. As they all point to cultural phenomena which would almost certainly have no direct TL equivalent. Such voids can once again generally be most effectively filled in TL by means of transcription, if necessary with a footnote added. The third type is the lexical void and the last one is termed as syntactical voids. [9]