Actual problems of modern science, education and training

The period after World War II. (Development period). In the post-World War II period, the emergence of economic difficulties in the states necessitated the use of private assistance in order to stand on their own two feet. One of the earliest forms of public service contracting was the implementation of the Poverty Alleviation Program in the United States in the 1960s. Beginning in the 1960s, this relationship began to be widely used in the United States[15]. But the use of the term was not the first appearance of a public-private partnership.
As state funding for federal and state highways became more limited, the involvement of the private sector became increasingly important as the need for land transportation systems increased.
New period (modern view of public-private partnership). In the late 1980s, the role of the private sector in the financing and operation of highways in the United States increased. The financial crisis in the public sector has led to the proliferation of public-private partnerships in the United States and elsewhere. The sharp increase in demand for infrastructure has strained the state's capacity in this area. At the same time, an important factor in the development of partnerships during this period is the desire to make efficient use of available resources. As a result, the scope, appearance and forms of partnerships have expanded tremendously. In 1989, state legislation on public-private partnership was developed in California, USA, and then in 1995 in Virginia[13].
In the 1990s, a new phase in the development of interaction between government and business began in the UK. The term “public-private partnership” also appeared in the UK in 1992 and was recognized as a new way of managing state property after the Prime Minister John Major announced the concept of a private-financial initiative[16]. Now this form of partnership has spread all over the world and is used in many fields such as energy, water and sanitation, transportation, airports, hospitals, education, railways and information technology in Latin America and North America, South Asia, East and Central Asia, Europe and Africa.
The COVID-19 crisis has affected many countries, forcing them to divert most of their capital to social security programs and the health care system. As a result, the incident hampered the implementation of infrastructure projects. In 2020, investment commitments on 252 projects will amount to $ 45.7 billion, a decrease of 52% compared to 2019. The number of investment projects decreased by 36% compared to 2019[17].

Figure 2

160									600
140									500
120 100									400
80									300
60									200
40
20									100
0									0
	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015 2016	2017	2018	2019	2020

In conclusion, the development of public-private partnerships has gone through very complex and varied stages until it reaches its current state. From time immemorial, partnerships have opened up new opportunities for the state, and the government has benefited from the effectiveness of partnerships. At the same time, objectively, partnerships in society have developed from a simple system of benefits to the level of modern infrastructure projects.

References:

[1]. B.E.Sazonov. Gosudarstvenno-chastnoe partnerstvo. Dissertasiya. Moskva 2012. www.pppi.ru
[2]. Prakticheskoe rukovodstvo po voprosam effektivnogo upravleniya v sfere GChP/ Organizasiya Ob'edinennix Nasiy. - N'yu-York i Jeneva, 2008. ISBN: 978-92-1- 4160403
[3]. Public-Private Partnerships. International Monetary Fund, 2004.
[4]. Yescombe E.R., Farquharson E. Public-Private Partnerships for Infrastructure: Principals of Policy and Finance. 2nd Edition. — Butterworth-Heinemann, 2018. ISBN: 978-0-08-100766-2.
[5]. Public Investment and Public-Private Partnerships. Addressing Infrastructure Challenges and Managing Fiscal Risks. Edited by Gerd Schwartz, Ana Corbacho, and Katja Funke. Palgrave Macmillan Ltd, 2008.page 264
[6]. Bezan¸con, X. (2004). 2000 ans d’histoire du partenariat public-priv´e pour la r´ealisation des ´equipements et service.
[7]. Louis Witters, Revital Marom, and Kurt Steinert, Alcatel-Lucent. The Role of Public-Private Partnerships in Driving Innovation. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2012-chapter2.pdf
[8]. Overview of PPP experience. https://ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/documents/toolkits/highwaystoolkit/6/pdf- version/1-21.pdf
[9]. Dr. Emmanuel Awuah.Teh Genesis of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)- Reviewed Edition,2019. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/genesis-public-private- partnership-ppp-emmanuel-awuah
[10]. Вихрян А.П. Концессия (исторический экскурс) // Вестник Минимущества России. 2003.
[11]. Борщевский Г.А. Государственно-частное партнерство. М.: Юрайт, 2018. С. 70-75.
[12]. Н.Г. Степанова. Особенности развития партнерских отношений государства и бизнеса.
[13]. https://www.lorman.com/resources/a-brief-history-of-public-private- partnerships-16968
[14]. Public-Private Partnerships.A Basic Introduction for Non-Specialists. Nathan Associates February 2017
[15]. United States department of transportation Report to congress on public-private partnerships. December 2004. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/pppdec2004/
[16]. https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/commercial-law/origin-of-public- private-partnerships-commercial-law-essay.php
[17]. Public participation in infrastructure. Global report. World Bank. 2021. Page 10.

UDK:332.14

THE ESSENCE, ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF REGIONAL MARKETING IN THE REGIONAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

SYSTEM

Allayorov Ravshan Aliyevich Ph.D. student of Samarkand Institute of Economics and Service [e-mail]
Annotatsiya: Maqolada hududiy marketingning hududni ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy rivojlantirishdagi mohiyati, o‘rni va ahamiyati o‘rganilgan. “Hududiy marketing” tushunchasining mohiyatini nazariy tahlil qilish natijalari keltirilgan. Tahlil natijalari asosida hududiy marketingni amalga oshirish mexanizmi modeli ishlab chiqilgan. Mualliflik yondashuviga ko‘ra, har bir hudud – hududiy rivojlanish va hudud mavqeining mustahkamlanishiga ta’sir ko‘rsatuvchi va iste’molchilarning ehtiyojlarini qondirish uchun zarur bo‘lgan, tabiiy, moddiy-ishlab chiqarish va ijtimoiy resurslar borasida o‘z raqobat afzalliklarining muayyan nisbatiga egaligi bilan ajralib turadi. Hududiy marketing, bu borada, hududda ishlab chiqarilgan yoki import qilinadigan tovarlar va xizmatlarga iste’molchilar talabini shakllantirish, qayta shakllantirish va qondirish jarayonini ta’minlaydigan, iste’molchilarga yo‘naltirilgan marketing usullari, vositalari, tamoyillari va texnologiyalari majmuidir.
Kalit so’zlar: hudud, hududiy marketing, mexanizm, mohiyati, marketing majmuasi va dasturi, marketing tadqiqotlari, marketing maqsadi va strategiyasi, hududiy marketing samaradorligini baholash.
Аннотация: В статье изучена сущность, роль и значимость регионального маркетинга социально-экономическом развитии региона. Приведены результаты теоретического анализа сущности понятия «региональный маркетинг». Исходя из результатов анализа разработана модель механизма реализации регионального маркетинга. Согласно авторскому подходу, каждый регион отличается наличием определенного соотношения своих конкурентных преимуществ по природному потенциалу, материальному производству и социальным ресурсам, которые влияют на региональное развитие и укрепление позиций региона и необходимы для удовлетворения потребностей потребителей. Региональный маркетинг в этой связи представляет собой совокупность ориентированных на потребителя маркетинговых методов, инструментов, принципов и технологий, обеспечивающих процесс формирования, переформирования и удовлетворения потребительского спроса на товары и услуги, производимые или ввозимые на территорию.