17. The correct answer is (C). The boundaries of modern African nations tend to reflect the colonial bound-
aries drawn during the era of European imperialism. As a result, a tribe may be divided by a national
boundary, and many tribes, some with traditions of rivalry, may be included within the same boundaries.
18. The correct answer is (D). In 1930, a crisis occurred in India. The British government’s refusal to
make a firm commitment to independence triggered a new round of protest and civil disobedience,
led by Gandhi. The British government realized that some sort of accommodation was necessary and
agreed to a round-table discussion with the pro-independence Congress party. The conference pro-
duced a dramatic split between Hindus and Moslems. The Moslems, fearful of a Hindu majority,
demanded a separate electorate. When independence finally came in 1947, British India was parti-
tioned into India (chiefly Hindu) and Pakistan (predominantly Moslem).
19. The correct answer is (A). In the middle of the seventeenth century, feudal Japan embarked on a
200-year period of isolationism. In the middle of the nineteenth century, Commodore Matthew Perry,
leading an American naval squadron, persuaded Japan to open its ports to trade. Soon afterward,
European countries obtained similar rights. These contacts with the West created internal dissension
that ultimately resulted in the overthrow of the Tokugawa Shogunate and the transfer of governmental
power back to the Emperor. This became known as the Meiji restoration. In 1868, the Emperor pro-
claimed an imperial oath that included the promise to “seek knowledge and wisdom in an outside
world and establish the national assembly where the important affairs of state shall be established by
public opinion.” In 1890, the Emperor established a constitution modeled along those of western
nations. Thus, unlike the constitutional governments of most western nations, the Japanese constitu-
tion represents an extension of existing authority rather than an attempt to curtail that authority.
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