23. The correct answer is (B). Humanism originated in Italy in the fourteenth century and represented,
among other things, a rekindled interest in the literature of classical Greece and Rome. Consequently,
the spread of humanism was greatly facilitated by the invention of printing.
24. The correct answer is (E).
Some historians have argued that both the French and Russian Revolutions
can be divided into three stages. The first stage is a moderate phase extending from the beginning of the
revolution during which time significant reforms were made. The second stage is the radical stage. Here,
the historian would compare the Reign of Terror with the Red Terror of the Russian Revolution. Finally, the
historian would probably compare the return to stability under Napoleon to the return to stability under
Stalin.
25. The correct answer is (C). At the end of World War II, Germany was divided into four zones, with
each of the Big Four powers—the Soviet Union, the United States, Great Britain, and France—
controlling one zone. Berlin, which happened to fall in the Soviet zone, was likewise divided into four
parts, and the three Western Allies were guaranteed access to the city through the Soviet zone. On
June 24, 1948, the Soviets cut off all land and water communications with the city. Apparently, the
Soviets overlooked or at least discounted the possibility that the city could be supplied by air. And
that is what happened. The Soviets, understandably reluctant to shoot down Allied planes, eventually
abandoned the blockade.
26. The correct answer is (C). The average Greek city-state covered an area equal to that of a small county
in the United States. Its boundaries were usually natural features such as a range of hills or the sea.
27. The correct answer is (D). The three persons mentioned are sometimes referred to as Utopian Social-
ists—socialists because they favored some form of cooperation rather than competition in the produc-
tion and distribution of goods, and utopian because their plans are considered to be unrealistic.
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