31. The correct answer is (E). Each of the pairs provides terms that are roughly equivalent. Of course,
the parallels are not exact. For example, the Japanese feudal mikado, or emperor, lacked any real
power. The real authority of government was lodged in the shogun, or chief lord. The closest approxi-
mation of shogun in European feudalism was the office of “mayor of the palace” under the Merovigian
kings from the fifth to the eighth century.
32. The correct answer is (E). All three statements describe factors that were conducive to the start of
the Renaissance in northern Italy.
33. The correct answer is (B). During the fifteenth century, the cities of northern Italy were the pri-
mary centers of economic activity in Europe. During the sixteenth century, Portugal was able to break
the Italian spice monopoly, and Spain received large quantities of silver and gold from the Western
Hemisphere. The Portuguese, however, did not develop their commercial institutions, preferring to
rely instead on the other countries to function as distributors of their goods. And Spain foolishly
created a state monopoly over trade in precious metals. Gradually, therefore, economic power shifted
to the North, to England and the low countries.
34. The correct answer is (E). The Continental System was conceived as a form of economic warfare
against Britain. In 1806, Napoleon issued a decree forbidding the importation of British goods into
countries controlled by or allied with France. The ban, however, proved very difficult to enforce, so
the economic injury inflicted on Great Britain was relatively minor.
35. The correct answer is (D). The Polish astronomer Copernicus (1473–1543) rejected the notion that
the earth is the center of the universe. In his model, the sun occupies the center, and the planets move
in circular orbits about it.
36. The correct answer is (E). After Napoleon’s defeat, representatives of the victorious nations and
France met at the Congress of Vienna to reconstruct war-ravaged Europe. The major players were
Great Britain, Prussia, France, and Austria. The United States was not yet a world power.
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